Distributing Secret Keys with Quantum Continuous Variables: Principle, Security and Implementations
arXiv:1506.02888 · doi:10.3390/e17096072
Abstract
The ability to distribute secret keys between two parties with information-theoretic security, that is, regardless of the capacities of a malevolent eavesdropper, is one of the most celebrated results in the field of quantum information processing and communication. Indeed, quantum key distribution illustrates the power of encoding information on the quantum properties of light and has far reaching implications in high-security applications. Today, quantum key distribution systems operate in real-world conditions and are commercially available. As with most quantum information protocols, quantum key distribution was first designed for qubits, the individual quanta of information. However, the use of quantum continuous variables for this task presents important advantages with respect to qubit based protocols, in particular from a practical point of view, since it allows for simple implementations that require only standard telecommunication technology. In this review article, we describe the principle of continuous-variable quantum key distribution, focusing in particular on protocols based on coherent states. We discuss the security of these protocols and report on the state-of-the-art in experimental implementations, including the issue of side-channel attacks. We conclude with promising perspectives in this research field.
21 pages, 2 figures, 1 table
References in corpus (35)
- Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing
- Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks
- Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illumination
- Distillation of secret key and entanglement from quantum states
- Unconditional optimality of Gaussian attacks against continuous-variable QKD
- Provably Secure and Practical Quantum Key Distribution over 307 km of Optical Fibre
- Quantum key distribution over 25 km with an all-fiber continuous-variable system
- Optimality of Gaussian Attacks in Continuous Variable Quantum Cryptography
- Fundamental rate-loss tradeoff for optical quantum key distribution
- Composable security proof for continuous-variable quantum key distribution with coherent states
- A de Finetti representation theorem for infinite dimensional quantum systems and applications to quantum cryptography
- Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200 km
- Continuous Variable Quantum Cryptography using Two-Way Quantum Communication
- Security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution against general attacks
- Direct and Reverse Secret-Key Capacities of a Quantum Channel
- Multidimensional reconciliation for continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Experimental study on Gaussian-modulated coherent states quantum key distribution over standard telecom fiber
- Coexistence of continuous variable QKD with intense DWDM classical channels
- Characterization of Collective Gaussian Attacks and Security of Coherent-State Quantum Cryptography
- Self-referenced continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol
- Generating the local oscillator "locally" in continuous-variable quantum key distribution based on coherent detection
- Field test of a continuous-variable quantum key distribution prototype
- Continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocols over noisy channels
- Continuous operation of high bit rate quantum key distribution
- Improving the maximum transmission distance of continuous-variable quantum key distribution using a noiseless amplifier
- Unidimensional continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Entanglement in the Middle
- Gaussian Post-selection for Continuous Variable Quantum Cryptography
- High Bit Rate Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Reverse Reconciliation Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution Based on the Uncertainty Principle
- Practical long-distance quantum key distribution system using decoy levels
- Continuous-variable quantum cryptography with an untrusted relay: Detailed security analysis of the symmetric configuration
- Robust Shot Noise Measurement for Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Experimental Demonstration of Post-Selection based Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution in the Presence of Gaussian Noise
- Loss-tolerant position-based quantum cryptography
Cited by in corpus (124)
- Advances in Quantum Cryptography
- Secure quantum key distribution with realistic devices
- Practical challenges in quantum key distribution
- Progress in satellite quantum key distribution
- Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Gaussian Modulation -- The Theory of Practical Implementations
- Security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution via a Gaussian de Finetti reduction
- High-speed Implementation of Length-compatible Privacy Amplification in Continuous-variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Continuous-variable QKD over 50km commercial fiber
- Continuous-variable quantum key distribution system: past, present, and future
- Quantum Conference Key Agreement: A Review
- Practical continuous-variable quantum key distribution with composable security
- Recent advances on integrated quantum communications
- Theory of channel simulation and bounds for private communication
- Self-coherent phase reference sharing for continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Asymptotic security analysis of discrete-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Key Reconciliation with Low-Density Parity-Check Codes for Long-Distance Quantum Cryptography
- Feasibility of satellite-to-ground continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Asymptotic security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with a discrete modulation
- Homodyne-detector-blinding attack in continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Quantum secret sharing using weak coherent states
- Continuous-mode quantum key distribution with digital signal processing
- Machine learning aided carrier recovery in continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Finite size analysis of measurement device independent quantum cryptography with continuous variables
- High speed error correction for continuous-variable quantum key distribution with multi-edge type LDPC code
- Quantum cryptography: key distribution and beyond
- Finite-size security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with digital signal processing
- Quantum Advantage in Cryptography
- Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Rateless Reconciliation Protocol
- A security proof of continuous-variable QKD using three coherent states
- Noise analysis of simultaneous quantum key distribution and classical communication scheme using a true local oscillator
- Continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with virtual photon subtraction
- Repeaters for Continuous Variable Quantum Communication
- High Speed Continuous Variable Source-Independent Quantum Random Number Generation
- Terahertz Quantum Cryptography
- Passive state preparation in the Gaussian-modulated coherent states quantum key distribution
- Simultaneous classical communication and quantum key distribution using continuous variable
- Finite-Size Security for Discrete-Modulated Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution Protocols
- Fading channel estimation for free-space continuous-variable secure quantum communication
- Squeezing-enhanced quantum key distribution over atmospheric channels
- Parameter estimation with almost no public communication for continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- MDI-QKD: Continuous- versus discrete-variables at metropolitan distances
- Experimental passive state preparation for continuous variable quantum communications
- Phase Noise Model for Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution Using a Local Local Oscillator
- Two-way Gaussian quantum cryptography against coherent attacks in direct reconciliation
- General immunity and superadditivity of two-way Gaussian quantum cryptography
- One-Time Shot-Noise Unit Calibration Method for Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Polarization attack on continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Discrete-modulation continuous-variable quantum key distribution enhanced by quantum scissors
- Composable finite-size effects in free-space CV-QKD systems
- Trusted detector noise analysis for discrete modulation schemes of continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Feasibility Assessment For Practical Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution Over The Satellite-to-Earth Channel
- Composable security analysis of continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with squeezed states for coherent attacks
- Experimental Demonstration of Discrete Modulation Formats for Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Reference Pulse Attack on Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Local Local Oscillator under trusted phase noise
- Continuous-variable quantum key distribution with a leakage from state preparation
- Unidimensional continuous-variable quantum key distribution using squeezed states
- Multi-edge-type LDPC code design with G-EXIT charts for continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Preventing side-channel effects in continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Subcarrier wave continuous variable quantum key distribution with discrete modulation: mathematical model and finite-key analysis
- Discrete-modulation continuous-variable quantum key distribution with high key rate
- Composable security of two-way continuous-variable quantum key distribution without active symmetrization
- Continuous variable B92 quantum key distribution protocol using single photon added and subtracted coherent states
- Tight Secure Key Rates for CV-QKD with 8PSK Modulation
- Optimizing Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Phase-Shift Keying Modulation and Postselection
- Analysis of satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution with adaptive optics
- Practical Continuous-variable Quantum Key Distribution with Feasible Optimization Parameters
- Stabilization of transmittance fluctuations caused by beam wandering in continuous-variable quantum communication over free-space atmospheric channels
- Secret key distillation across a quantum wiretap channel under restricted eavesdropping
- Improving parameter estimation of entropic uncertainty relation in continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- The BB84 quantum key distribution using conjugate homodyne detection
- Finite-size effects in continuous-variable QKD with Gaussian post-selection
- Applicability of Squeezed-and Coherent-State Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution over Satellite Links
- Thermometry of Gaussian quantum systems using Gaussian measurements
- Gaussian one-way thermal quantum cryptography with finite-size effects
- Information processing at the speed of light
- Squeezing-enhanced communication without a phase reference
- Secret key capacity of the thermal-loss channel: Improving the lower bound
- Continuous-variable quantum communication
- Towards practical security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Discrete-variable quantum key distribution with homodyne detection
- Hacking Alice's box in CV-QKD
- Gaussian two-mode attacks in one-way quantum cryptography
- Optimal realistic attacks in continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Simple and loss-tolerant free-space QKD using a squeezed laser
- On the Use of Quantum Entanglement in Secure Communications: A Survey
- Continuous variable quantum key distribution with multi-mode signals for noisy detectors
- Improved finite-size key rates for discrete-modulated continuous variable quantum key distribution under coherent attacks
- Tight bounds for private communication over bosonic Gaussian channels based on teleportation simulation with optimal finite resources
- Practical quantum secure direct communication with squeezed states
- Probabilistic amplitude shaping for continuous-variable quantum key distribution with discrete modulation over a wiretap channel
- Simple security proofs for continuous-variable quantum key distribution with intensity fluctuating sources
- Quantum-Classical Access Networks with Embedded Optical Wireless Links
- Secret key distillation over satellite-to-satellite free-space optics channel with a limited-sized aperture eavesdropper in the same plane of the legitimate receiver
- Advances in Continuous Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution
- A modified practical homodyne detector model for continuous-variable quantum key distribution: detailed security analysis and improvement by the phase-sensitive amplifier
- Continuous-variable source-device-independent quantum key distribution against general attacks
- User-defined quantum key distribution
- Integrated InP-based transmitter for Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Homodyne Detection Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with High Excess Noise Tolerance
- Continuous-variable quantum key distribution field-test with true local oscillator
- Non-Gaussian photonic state engineering with the quantum frequency processor
- Mixing thermal coherent states for precision and range enhancement in quantum thermometry
- An updated analysis of satellite quantum-key distribution missions
- Discrete-Modulated Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution in Satellite-to-Ground Communication
- Secret key rate of a continuous-variable quantum-key-distribution scheme when the detection process is inaccessible to eavesdroppers
- Countermeasure for negative impact of practical source in continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution
- Photonic Hybrid State Entanglement Swapping using Cat State Superpositions
- An introductory review of the theory of continuous-variable quantum key distribution: Fundamentals, protocols, and security
- Secret key distillation over realistic satellite-to-satellite free-space channel: exclusion zone analysis
- Fundamental limitations to key distillation from Gaussian states with Gaussian operations
- CV QKD with discretized modulations in the strong noise regime
- Continuous Variable Based Quantum Communication in the Ocean
- Phase Compensation for Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Quantum Key Distribution with Imperfections: Recent Advances in Security Proofs
- Security against collective attacks for a continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol using homodyne detection and postselection
- Polarization agnostic continuous variable quantum key distribution
- Modulation leakage vulnerability in continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- CV-MDI-QKD: One-mode Gaussian attacks are not enough
- Continuous variable quantum key distribution channel emulator for the SPOQC mission
- High-Rate Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution Based on Probabilistically Shaped 64 and 256-QAM
- Adding artificial noise for code rate matching in continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- High Efficiency Postprocessing for Continuous-variable Quantum Key Distribution: Using All Raw Keys for Parameter Estimation and Key Extraction
- Finite-size secret-key rates of discrete modulation continuous-variable quantum key distribution under Gaussian attacks
- Tagging idea in continuous variable quantum key distribution and its application