Large-scale clustering of galaxies in general relativity

Abstract

Several recent studies have shown how to properly calculate the observed clustering of galaxies in a relativistic context, and uncovered corrections to the Newtonian calculation that become significant on scales near the horizon. Here, we retrace these calculations and show that, on scales approaching the horizon, the observed galaxy power spectrum depends strongly on which gauge is assumed to relate the intrinsic fluctuations in galaxy density to matter perturbations through a linear bias relation. Starting from simple physical assumptions, we derive a gauge-invariant expression relating galaxy density perturbations to matter density perturbations on large scales, and show that it reduces to a linear bias relation in synchronous-comoving gauge, corroborating an assumption made in several recent papers. We evaluate the resulting observed galaxy power spectrum, and show that it leads to corrections similar to an effective non-Gaussian bias corresponding to a local (effective) fNL < 0.5. This number can serve as a guideline as to which surveys need to take into account relativistic effects. We also discuss the scale-dependent bias induced by primordial non-Gaussianity in the relativistic context, which again is simplest in synchronous-comoving gauge.

27 pages, 8 figures

References in corpus (15)

• SDSS-III: Massive Spectroscopic Surveys of the Distant Universe, the Milky Way Galaxy, and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems
• The imprints of primordial non-gaussianities on large-scale structure: scale dependent bias and abundance of virialized objects
• The linear power spectrum of observed source number counts
• What galaxy surveys really measure
• Clustering of dark matter tracers: generalizing bias for the coming era of precision LSS
• New Perspective on Galaxy Clustering as a Cosmological Probe: General Relativistic Effects
• General Relativistic Description of the Observed Galaxy Power Spectrum: Do We Understand What We Measure?
• Galaxy Bias and non-Linear Structure Formation in General Relativity
• Connection between Newtonian simulations and general relativity
• Constraints on cosmic hemispherical power anomalies from quasars
• Non-Gaussian Halo Bias Re-examined: Mass-dependent Amplitude from the Peak-Background Split and Thresholding
• Scale-dependent bias from primordial non-Gaussianity in general relativity
• Non-Gaussian halo assembly bias
• Size Bias in Galaxy Surveys
• Universal Weak Lensing Distortion of Cosmological Correlation Functions

Cited by in corpus (241)

• Large-Scale Galaxy Bias
• Cosmology with Phase 1 of the Square Kilometre Array; Red Book 2018: Technical specifications and performance forecasts
• The Observed Squeezed Limit of Cosmological Three-Point Functions
• Precision measurement of the local bias of dark matter halos
• Testing General Relativity with 21 cm intensity mapping
• A practical approach to cosmological perturbations in modified gravity
• Going beyond the Kaiser redshift-space distortion formula: a full general relativistic account of the effects and their detectability in galaxy clustering
• Testing General Relativity on Horizon Scales and the Primordial non-Gaussianity
• Ultra large-scale cosmology in next-generation experiments with single tracers
• Constraining ultra large-scale cosmology with multiple tracers in optical and radio surveys
• Asymmetric galaxy correlation functions
• Beyond the Linear-Order Relativistic Effect in Galaxy Clustering: Second-Order Gauge-Invariant Formalism
• Cosmic Rulers
• Beyond the plane-parallel and Newtonian approach: Wide-angle redshift distortions and convergence in general relativity
• Galaxy Bias and Primordial Non-Gaussianity
• Large-Scale Structure with Gravitational Waves II: Shear
• Peak-Background Split, Renormalization, and Galaxy Clustering
• The Galaxy Power Spectrum and Bispectrum in Redshift Space
• The phenomenological approach to modeling the dark energy
• Gauge dependence of gravitational waves generated from scalar perturbations
• Interpreting measurements of the anisotropic galaxy power spectrum
• Anti-lensing: the bright side of voids
• Determining the progenitors of merging black-hole binaries
• Measurement of the dipole in the cross-correlation function of galaxies
• Large-Scale Structure and Gravitational Waves III: Tidal Effects
• Wide Angle Effects in Future Galaxy Surveys
• Einstein's legacy in galaxy surveys
• Observed galaxy number counts on the lightcone up to second order: I. Main result
• Cosmological Measurements with General Relativistic Galaxy Correlations
• Projection effects on the observed angular spectrum of the astrophysical stochastic gravitational wave background
• Inflationary tensor fossils in large-scale structure
• GW$\times$LSS: Chasing the Progenitors of Merging Binary Black Holes
• Measuring the lensing potential with tomographic galaxy number counts
• Scale-dependent bias in the BAO-scale intergalactic neutral hydrogen
• Anisotropic imprint of long-wavelength tensor perturbations on cosmic structure
• Isolating relativistic effects in large-scale structure
• Cosmological Parameter Estimation with Large Scale Structure Observations
• The full-sky relativistic correlation function and power spectrum of galaxy number counts: I. Theoretical aspects
• Can we actually constrain $f_{\mathrm{NL}}$ using the scale-dependent bias effect? An illustration of the impact of galaxy bias uncertainties using the BOSS DR12 galaxy power spectrum
• The observed galaxy power spectrum in General Relativity
• Large-scale assembly bias of dark matter halos
• Redshift-space distortions with wide angular separations
• Generating Log-normal Mock Catalog of Galaxies in Redshift Space
• All-Sky Analysis of the General Relativistic Galaxy Power Spectrum
• Relativistic Effect in Galaxy Clustering
• The impact of relativistic effects on cosmological parameter estimation
• Designing an Inflation Galaxy Survey: how to measure $\sigma (f_{\mathrm{NL}})\sim 1$ using scale-dependent galaxy bias
• Curvature constraints from Large Scale Structure
• Testing Gravity Using Large-Scale Redshift-Space Distortions
• CLASS_GWB: robust modeling of the astrophysical gravitational wave background anisotropies
• Line intensity mapping with [CII] and CO(1-0) as probes of primordial non-Gaussianity
• Large-scale 3D galaxy correlation function and non-Gaussianity
• Observed galaxy number counts on the lightcone up to second order: II. Derivation
• Linear response to long wavelength fluctuations using curvature simulations
• Deriving an Accurate Formula of Scale-dependent Bias with Primordial Non-Gaussianity: An Application of the Integrated Perturbation Theory
• Probing the imprint of interacting dark energy on very large scales
• Relativistic effects in galaxy clustering in a parametrized post-Friedmann universe
• Optimising the measurement of relativistic distortions in large-scale structure
• Modeling relativistic contributions to the halo power spectrum dipole
• Predictions for local PNG bias in the galaxy power spectrum and bispectrum and the consequences for $f_{\mathrm{NL}}$ constraints
• Cosmological perturbation effects on gravitational-wave luminosity distance estimates
• Large-Scale Structure Observables in General Relativity
• Large-Scale Structure with Gravitational Waves I: Galaxy Clustering
• LIGER: mock relativistic light-cones from Newtonian simulations
• Observational signatures of modified gravity on ultra-large scales
• Galaxy imaging surveys as spin-sensitive detector for cosmological colliders
• The Hunt for Primordial Interactions in the Large Scale Structures of the Universe
• Gravity at the horizon: on relativistic effects, CMB-LSS correlations and ultra-large scales in Horndeski's theory
• Non-Gaussianities due to Relativistic Corrections to the Observed Galaxy Bispectrum
• Growth of Cosmic Structure
• Exploring galaxies-gravitational waves cross-correlations as an astrophysical probe
• Beware of commonly used approximations I: errors in forecasts
• A Consistency Relation for the Observed Galaxy Bispectrum and the Local non-Gaussianity from Relativistic Corrections
• Gauge-Invariance and Infrared Divergences in the Luminosity Distance
• Is There Scale-Dependent Bias in Single-Field Inflation?
• Relativistic wide-angle galaxy bispectrum on the light-cone
• Relativistic distortions in the large-scale clustering of SDSS-III BOSS CMASS galaxies
• Impact of Relativistic Effects on the Primordial Non-Gaussianity Signature in the Large-Scale Clustering of Quasars
• Probing primordial non-Gaussianity via iSW measurements with SKA continuum surveys
• Simulated multi-tracer analyses with HI intensity mapping
• A general relativistic signature in the galaxy bispectrum: the local effects of observing on the lightcone
• No evidence for bulk velocity from type Ia supernovae
• Beware of commonly used approximations II: estimating systematic biases in the best-fit parameters
• Disantangling the effects of Doppler velocity and primordial non-Gaussianity in galaxy power spectra
• Observed galaxy number counts on the lightcone up to second order: III. Magnification Bias
• Dipolar modulation in the size of galaxies: The effect of Doppler magnification
• Constraint of Void Bias on Primordial non-Gaussianity
• Probing the primordial Universe with MeerKAT and DES
• Galaxy Power Spectrum in General Relativity
• Detecting the relativistic galaxy bispectrum
• Imprint of anisotropic primordial non-Gaussianity on halo intrinsic alignments in simulations
• Gravitational waves and geometrical optics in scalar-tensor theories
• Galaxy Two-Point Correlation Function in General Relativity
• Gravitational waves $\times$ HI intensity mapping: cosmological and astrophysical applications
• Constraining spatial curvature with large-scale structure
• The degeneracy between primordial non-Gaussianity and foregrounds in 21cm intensity mapping experiments
• Lensing and time-delay contributions to galaxy correlations
• Unified Treatment of the Luminosity Distance in Cosmology
• Non-Gaussianity Constraints using Future Radio Continuum Surveys and the Multi-Tracer Technique
• Proper-Time Hypersurface of Non-Relativistic Matter Flows: Galaxy Bias in General Relativity
• The observed galaxy bispectrum from single-field inflation in the squeezed limit
• Relativistic corrections and non-Gaussianity in radio continuum surveys
• Galaxy bias and gauges at second order in General Relativity
• Wide-angle and relativistic effects in Fourier-space clustering statistics
• Clustering of quintessence on horizon scales and its imprint on HI intensity mapping
• Nonlinear cosmological consistency relations and effective matter stresses
• The Dipole of the Astrophysical Gravitational-Wave Background
• Gravitational Redshift Constraints on the Effective Theory of Interacting Dark Energy
• Imprints of local lightcone projection effects on the galaxy bispectrum. II
• Cosmic Clocks
• Gauge-Transformation Properties of Cosmological Observables and its Application to the Light-Cone Average
• Imprints of local lightcone projection effects on the galaxy bispectrum. III Relativistic corrections from nonlinear dynamical evolution on large-scales
• Gravitational wave astronomy with radio galaxy surveys
• Local primordial non-Gaussianity in the relativistic galaxy bispectrum
• Large Scale Limit of the Observed Galaxy Power Spectrum
• Cosmic Infrared Background anisotropies as a window into primordial non-Gaussianity
• Forecasted constraints on modified gravity from Sunyaev Zel'dovich tomography
• General relativistic corrections and non-Gaussianity in large scale structure
• Unbiased Cosmological Parameter Estimation from Emission Line Surveys with Interlopers
• Gravitational wave fossils in nonlinear regime: halo tidal bias and intrinsic alignments from gravitational wave separate universe simulations
• Correlation function of the luminosity distances
• Analyzing clustering of astrophysical gravitational-wave sources: Luminosity-distance space distortions
• Relativistic cosmological large scale structures at one-loop
• Constraining primordial non-Gaussianity by combining next-generation galaxy and 21 cm intensity mapping surveys
• The effects of structure anisotropy on lensing observables in an exact general relativistic setting for precision cosmology
• Constraints on the growth rate using the observed galaxy power spectrum
• Non-Gaussianity and Excursion Set Theory: Halo Bias
• Optimization of spectroscopic surveys for testing non-Gaussianity
• Gauge-Invariant Formalism of Cosmological Weak Lensing
• The observed number counts in luminosity distance space
• Multi-wavelength spectroscopic probes: biases from neglecting light-cone effects
• Probing $\Lambda$CDM cosmology with the Evolutionary Map of the Universe survey
• Measuring ISW with next-generation radio surveys
• Constraining the growth rate by combining multiple future surveys
• The scale-dependent signature of primordial non-Gaussianity in the large-scale structure of cosmic reionization
• Multipoles of the relativistic galaxy bispectrum
• Second-order gauge-invariant formalism for the cosmological observables: Complete verification of their gauge-invariance
• A case study for measuring the relativistic dipole of a galaxy cross-correlation with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
• Towards detection of relativistic effects in galaxy number counts using kSZ Tomography
• The relativistic galaxy number counts in the weak field approximation
• General relativistic effects in the galaxy bias at second order
• The Cosmological Perturbation Theory on the Geodesic Light-Cone background
• Light-Cone Observables and Gauge-Invariance in the Geodesic Light-Cone Formalism
• A new estimator for gravitational lensing using galaxy and intensity mapping surveys
• Large-scale structure in mimetic Horndeski gravity
• A null test to probe the scale-dependence of the growth of structure as a test of General Relativity
• Biases on cosmological parameters by general relativity effects
• Observed galaxy power spectrum in cubic Galileon model
• Measuring anisotropic stress with relativistic effects
• Halo statistics in non-Gaussian cosmologies: the collapsed fraction, conditional mass function, and halo bias from the path-integral excursion set method
• Generalisation of the Kaiser Rocket effect in general relativity in the wide-angle galaxy 2-point correlation function
• Hybrid-basis inference for large-scale galaxy clustering: combining spherical and Cartesian Fourier analyses
• Constraining extended cosmologies with GW$\times$LSS cross-correlations
• The Odd-Parity Galaxy Bispectrum
• Cosmological Information Contents on the Light-Cone
• General Relativistic Cosmological N-body Simulations I: time integration
• Second order density perturbations for dust cosmologies
• Imprint of thawing scalar fields on large scale galaxy overdensity
• Cosmological dynamics: from the Eulerian to the Lagrangian frame - I. Newtonian approximation
• A new approach to cosmological perturbations in f(R) models
• Monopole Fluctuation of the CMB and its Gauge Invariance
• Wide-angle effects in the galaxy bispectrum
• Dark energy homogeneity in general relativity: Are we applying it correctly?
• Relativistic effects and primordial non-Gaussianity in the matter density fluctuation
• Large Scale Structure Reconstruction with Short-Wavelength Modes
• Exact Analytic Solution for Non-Linear Density Fluctuation in a LCDM Universe
• Gauge-Invariant Tensor Perturbations Induced from Baryon-CDM Relative Velocity and the B-mode Polarization of the CMB
• Cosmological nonlinear density and velocity power spectra including nonlinear vector and tensor modes
• Shot noise in multi-tracer constraints on $f_{\text{NL}}$ and relativistic projections: Power Spectrum
• The full-sky Spherical Fourier-Bessel power spectrum in general relativity
• The skewness of the distance-redshift relation in $\Lambda$CDM
• The halo bias for number counts on the light cone from relativistic N-body simulations
• Large-scale imprint of relativistic effects in the cosmic magnification
• Testing Grumiller's modified gravity at galactic scales
• Non-linear matter bispectrum in general relativity
• The galaxy bias at second order in general relativity with Non-Gaussian initial conditions
• Cosmic Degeneracies III: N-body Simulations of Interacting Dark Energy with Non-Gaussian Initial Conditions
• Degeneracy between primordial non-Gaussianity and interaction in the dark sector
• Imprint of primordial non-Gaussianity on dark matter halo profiles
• Neutrino Masses, Scale-Dependent Growth, and Redshift-Space Distortions
• Galaxy number counts at second order: an independent approach
• Exact Modeling of Power Spectrum Multipole through Spherical Fourier-Bessel Basis
• Small scale effects in the observable power spectrum at large angular scales
• Radio-optical synergies at high redshift to constrain primordial non-Gaussianity
• Single-Field Inflation and the Local Ansatz: Distinguishability and Consistency
• Maximum Cosmological Information from Type-Ia Supernova Observations
• Covariant Decomposition of The Non-Linear Galaxy Number Counts and Their Monopole
• Magnification and evolution bias of transient sources: GWs and SNIa
• Redshift-space distortions from vector perturbations II: Anisotropic signal
• Which is a better cosmological probe: Number counts or cosmic magnification?
• Imprint of f(R) gravity in the cosmic magnification
• Decoupling Local Primordial non-Gaussianity from Relativistic Effects in the Galaxy Bispectrum
• Euclid: Relativistic effects in the dipole of the 2-point correlation function
• Gravitational waves and galaxies cross-correlations: a forecast on GW biases for future detectors
• Infrared (in)sensitivity of relativistic effects in cosmological observable statistics
• What We Can Learn from the Running of the Spectral Index if no Tensors are Detected in the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy
• Conditions for the Absence of Infrared Sensitivity in Cosmological Probes in Any Gravity Theories
• Using relativistic effects in large-scale structure to constrain astrophysical properties of galaxy populations
• From matter to galaxies: General relativistic bias for the one-loop bispectrum
• Contributions from primordial non-Gaussianity and General Relativity to the galaxy power spectrum
• The art of building a smooth cosmic distance ladder in a perturbed universe
• Euclid preparation. The impact of relativistic redshift-space distortions on two-point clustering statistics from the Euclid wide spectroscopic survey
• Non-linear power spectra in the synchronous gauge
• Long gradient mode and large-scale structure observables
• Nonlinear Redshift-Space Distortions on the Full Sky
• Understanding the relativistic overdensity of galaxy surveys
• Measuring our peculiar velocity from spectroscopic redshift surveys
• Incompatibility of Standard Galaxy Bias Models in General Relativity
• Linear Relativistic Corrections in the Spherical Fourier-Bessel Power Spectrum
• Separating Angular and Radial Modes with Spherical-Fourier Bessel Power Spectrum on All Scales and Implications for Systematics Mitigation
• Scale-dependent halo bias and the squeezed limit bispectrum in the presence of radiation
• Relativistic and non-Gaussianity contributions to the one-loop power spectrum
• Testing General Relativity with Cosmological Large Scale Structure
• Monopole Fluctuations in Galaxy Surveys
• Gravitational Redshift from Galaxy Clusters -- a Relativistic Approach
• A Light-Cone Approach to Higher-Order Cosmological Observables
• Interacting Quintessence and Growth of Structure
• Infrared Sensitivity of Cosmological Probes in Horndeski Theory
• Investigating the imprint of quintessence in cosmic magnification
• CDM and Baryons as Distinct Fluids in a Linear Approximation for the Growth of Structure
• Qualitative probe of interacting dark energy with redshift-space distortions
• Multi-wavelength spectroscopic probes: prospects for primordial non-Gaussianity and relativistic effects
• The large-scale monopole of the power spectrum in a Euclid-like survey: wide-angle effects, lensing, and the `finger of the observer'
• A Simple, Exact Formulation of Number Counts in the Geodesic-Light-Cone Gauge
• Testing local position invariance with odd multipoles of galaxy clustering statistics
• Living in a Non-Flat Universe: Theoretical Formalism
• Cavendish experiment with fast radio bursts on cosmological scales
• Large-scale Modeling of the Observed Power Spectrum Multipoles
• Weak Lensing Low Multipoles
• Dark energy and non-linear power spectrum
• Applications of Cosmological Perturbation Theory in the Late Universe
• Quijote PNG: The information content of the halo power spectrum and bispectrum
• Large scale structures: from inflation to today: a brief report
• Probing beyond-Horndeski gravity on ultra-large scales
• Signatures of Primordial Gravitational Waves on the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
• Cosmic magnification in beyond-Horndeski gravity
• Gravitational redshift from large-scale structure: nonlinearities, antisymmetries, and the dipole
• Non-Gaussianity in the Squeezed Three-Point Correlation from the Relativistic Effects
• Cosmic Dipoles from Large-Scale Structure Surveys
• Detecting Local and Integrated Relativistic Effects by Multi-Tracing a Single Galaxy Population in Harmonic Space
• Dynamics of tachyon dark energy on large scales and its imprint on observed galaxy power spectrum