Quantum dots and spin qubits in graphene

Abstract

This is a review on graphene quantum dots and their use as a host for spin qubits. We discuss the advantages but also the challenges to use graphene quantum dots for spin qubits as compared to the more standard materials like GaAs. We start with an overview of this young and fascinating field and will then discuss gate-tunable quantum dots in detail. We calculate the bound states for three different quantum dot architectures where a bulk gap allows for confinement via electrostatic fields: (i) graphene nanoribbons with armchair boundary, (ii) a disc in single-layer graphene, and (iii) a disc in bilayer graphene. In order for graphene quantum dots to be useful in the context of spin qubits, one needs to find reliable ways to break the valley-degeneracy. This is achieved here, either by a specific termination of graphene in (i) or in (ii) and (iii) by a magnetic field, without the need of a specific boundary. We further discuss how to manipulate spin in these quantum dots and explain the mechanism of spin decoherence and relaxation caused by spin-orbit interaction in combination with electron-phonon coupling, and by hyperfine interaction with the nuclear spin system.

23 pages, 10 figures, topical review prepared for Nanotechnology

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• Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films
• The electronic properties of graphene
• Energy Gaps in Graphene Nanoribbons
• Chiral tunneling and the Klein paradox in graphene
• Substrate-induced band gap opening in epitaxial graphene
• Chaotic Dirac billiard in graphene quantum dots
• Electronic States of Graphene Nanoribbons
• Driven coherent oscillations of a single electron spin in a quantum dot
• Andreev reflection and Klein tunneling in graphene
• Asymmetry gap in the electronic band structure of bilayer graphene
• Intrinsic and Rashba Spin-orbit Interactions in Graphene Sheets
• Spin qubits in graphene quantum dots
• Coherent control of a single electron spin with electric fields
• Spin-orbit coupling in curved graphene, fullerenes, nanotubes, and nanotube caps
• Quantum-limited shot noise in graphene
• Selective transmission of Dirac electrons and ballistic magnetoresistance of \textit{n-p} junctions in graphene
• Coupling of Spin and Orbital Motion of Electrons in Carbon Nanotubes
• Ab Initio Theory of Gate Induced Gaps in Graphene Bilayers
• Graphene Antidot Lattices - Designed Defects and Spin Qubits
• Magnetic confinement of massless Dirac fermions in graphene
• Hyperfine interaction in a quantum dot: Non-Markovian electron spin dynamics
• Energy gaps in etched graphene nanoribbons
• Zeeman energy and spin relaxation in a one-electron quantum dot
• Conductance quantization and transport gap in disordered graphene nanoribbons
• Quantum dots in graphene
• Edge disorder induced Anderson localization and conduction gap in graphene nanoribbons
• Coulomb blockade in graphene nanoribbons
• Determination of the electronic structure of bilayer graphene from infrared spectroscopy results
• Aharonov-Bohm effect and broken valley-degeneracy in graphene rings
• Tunable Coulomb blockade in nanostructured graphene
• Bound states and magnetic field-induced valley splitting in gate-tunable graphene quantum dots
• Quasi-bound states of quantum dots in single and bilayer graphene
• Recipes for spin-based quantum computing
• Symmetry Classes in Graphene Quantum Dots: Universal Spectral Statistics, Weak Localization, and Conductance Fluctuations
• Observation of excited states in a graphene quantum dot
• Electrostatic confinement of electrons in an integrable graphene quantum dot
• Analytic Model for the Energy Spectrum of a Graphene Quantum Dot in a Perpendicular Magnetic Field
• Spin-orbit interaction and anomalous spin relaxation in carbon nanotube quantum dots
• The Fock-Darwin States of Dirac Electrons in Graphene-based Artificial Atoms
• Tunable few-electron double quantum dots and Klein tunnelling in ultra-clean carbon nanotubes
• Hyperfine interaction and electron-spin decoherence in graphene and carbon nanotube quantum dots
• Local Fault-tolerant Quantum Computation
• Hyperfine Interactions in Graphene and Related Carbon Nanostructures
• Semiconductor few-electron quantum dot operated as a bipolar spin filter
• Electron-electron interaction and charging effects in graphene quantum dots
• Artifical atoms in interacting graphene quantum dots
• Theory of spin qubits in nanostructures
• Band structure asymmetry of bilayer graphene revealed by infrared spectroscopy

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• Universal Quantum Computing with Spin and Valley
• Mie scattering analog in graphene: lensing, particle confinement, and depletion of Klein tunneling
• Doping transition-metal atoms in graphene for atomic-scale tailoring of electronic, magnetic, and quantum topological properties
• Graphene quantum dots for valley-based quantum computing: A feasibility study
• Curvature-induced spin-orbit coupling and spin relaxation in a chemically clean single-layer graphene
• Spin-valley blockade in carbon nanotube double quantum dots
• Doping of Cr in Graphene Using Electron Beam Manipulation for Functional Defect Engineering
• Scattering of two-dimensional Dirac fermions on gate-defined oscillating quantum dots
• Quantum dot behavior in transition metal dichalcogenides nanostructures
• Spintronic devices from bilayer graphene in contact to ferromagnetic insulators
• Spintronics with graphene quantum dots
• The role of temperature on defect diffusion and nanoscale patterning in graphene
• Electron Spin Relaxation in Graphene Nanoribbon Quantum Dots
• Hyperfine magnetic field in ferromagnetic graphite
• Theoretical Studies of Graphene Nanoribbon Quantum Dot Qubits
• Electronic and optical properties of graphene antidot lattices: Comparison of Dirac and tight-binding models
• Ultra long spin decoherence times in graphene quantum dots with a small number of nuclear spins
• Fluorinated graphene films with graphene quantum dots for electronic applications
• Spin decoherence in graphene quantum dots due to hyperfine interaction
• Wigner localization in a graphene quantum dot with a mass gap
• Dot-bound and dispersive states in graphene quantum dot superlattices
• Exciton states in a circular graphene quantum dot: magnetic field induced intravalley to intervalley transition
• Thermal quantum correlations and Teleportation in a Graphene Sheet
• Wave packet revivals in a graphene quantum dot in a perpendicular magnetic field
• Electric fields and substrates dramatically accelerate spin relaxation in graphene
• On-surface synthesis and characterization of Teranthene and Hexanthene: Ultrashort graphene nanoribbons with mixed armchair and zigzag edges
• Mass-profile quantum dots in graphene
• Guided modes and terahertz transitions for two-dimensional Dirac fermions in a smooth double-well potential
• Equilibration in closed quantum systems: Application to spin qubits
• A strain-engineered graphene qubit in a nanobubble
• Scattering of topological kink-antikink states in bilayer graphene structures
• Electron Scattering in Gapped Graphene Quantum Dots
• Trapping charge carriers in low-dimensional Dirac materials
• Low-temperature environments for quantum computation and quantum simulation
• Localized states coupled to a network of chiral modes in minimally twisted bilayer graphene
• Spin echo dynamics under an applied drift field in graphene nanoribbon superlattices
• Electric control of tunneling energy in graphene double dots
• Charge-pseudospin coupled diffusion in semi-Dirac graphene: pseudospin assisted valley transport
• Edge-Insensitive Magnetism and Half Metallicity in Graphene Nanoribbons
• Intrinsic Spin-Orbit Interaction in Graphene
• Coherent Transport in Y-Junction Graphene Waveguide
• Geometry effects in topologically confined bilayer graphene loops
• Bound state properties of ABC-stacked trilayer graphene quantum dots
• Band strutures of hybrid graphene quantum dots with magnetic flux
• Quantum-Hall Spectroscopy of Elliptically Deformed Graphene Nanobubble Qubits
• Confinement in a magnetically induced WSe${}_2$ quantum dots