Quantum liquid crystals in imbalanced Fermi gas: fluctuations and fractional vortices in Larkin-Ovchinnikov states

Abstract

We develop a low-energy model of a unidirectional Larkin-Ovchinnikov (LO) state. Because the underlying rotational and translational symmetries are broken spontaneously, this gapless superfluid is a smectic liquid crystal, that exhibits fluctuations that are qualitatively stronger than in a conventional superfluid, thus requiring a fully nonlinear description of its Goldstone modes. Consequently, at nonzero temperature the LO superfluid is an algebraic phase even in 3d. It exhibits half-integer vortex-dislocation defects, whose unbinding leads to transitions to a superfluid nematic and other phases. In 2d at nonzero temperature, the LO state is always unstable to a charge-4 nematic superfluid. We expect this superfluid liquid-crystal phenomenology to be realizable in imbalanced resonant Fermi gases trapped isotropically.

4 + pages, 1 figure; minor typos, added references and extended discussion of experimental implications

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• Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless Crossover in a Trapped Atomic Gas
• Resonantly-paired fermionic superfluids
• Dynamical layer decoupling in a stripe-ordered, high T_c superconductor
• Dislocations and vortices in pair density wave superconductors
• BEC-BCS crossover, phase transitions and phase separation in polarized resonantly-paired superfluids
• Theory of the striped superconductor
• Larkin-Ovchinnikov state in resonant Fermi gas

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