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astro-ph.EP2026

Paleo-heat flux estimates across Enceladus derived from flexural response of the ice shell

Chelsea Eakins, Francis Nimmo, Paul Schenk

Saturn's moon Enceladus has active plumes suggestive of locally high heat fluxes at present, and the present-day heating is reasonably well characterized. However, the moon's therm…

astro-ph.EP2026

The Science Potential of Characterizing Gas Giant Exoplanets with HWO

Beck Dacus, Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, Quinn Konopacky +19

With the ability to directly image Earth-like exoplanets and search their atmospheres for biosignatures, the upcoming Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) will also collect high sign…

astro-ph.EP2026

A Cross-Laboratory Comparison Study of Titan Haze Analogs: Surface Energy II

Eric C. Austin, Xinting Yu, Chao He +10

The organic haze particles on Titan play important roles in atmospheric cloud formation and aerosol-lake interactions. These processes are strongly influenced by the surface energy…

astro-ph.EP2026★ 1 cited

Alkali Metallicity, Mineral Clouds, and Deep Atmospheric Variability on Jupiter

Xi Zhang, Jiheng Hu, Cheng Li +1

The bulk elemental abundances of Jupiter provide critical insights into its formation history and interior structure. Recent observations by the Juno Microwave Radiometer (MWR) rev…

astro-ph.EP2026

Setting the Stage: The Early History of the Solar System

Antgona Segura, Rachel L. Smith, Myriam Telus +3

This article reviews the early history of our solar system from an astrobiological perspective and presents evidence from meteorites and astronomical observations. The purpose is t…

astro-ph.EP2026★ 1 cited

Horizontal transport as a source of disequilibrium chemistry on the nightside of a hot exoplanet

Vivien Parmentier, Kevin B. Stevenson, Luis Welbanks +15

Hot Jupiters have temperature gradients of several hundreds of degrees between their permanent day and nightsides. In equilibrium, the primary carbon reservoir is expected to trans…

astro-ph.EP2026

Direct Imaging Constraints on Binary Planets and Exomoons around Epsilon Indi A b

Matson Garza, Mary Anne Limbach, Rachel Bowens-Rubin +6

Epsilon Indi A b is a directly imaged exoplanet orbiting a nearby (3.6 pc) K-dwarf at AU. We analyze archival JWST/MIRI 15 m coronagraphic imaging…

astro-ph.EP2026★ 4 cited

Europa's Lyman- emissions from HST/STIS observations

L. Roth, K. D. Retherford, J. Saur +13

An image of Lyman- (Ly) emission from Europa obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST/STIS) has previously provided the first eviden…

astro-ph.EP2026

The Material Point Method (MPM) for simulating hypervelocity impact on asteroids

Xiaoran Yan, Patrick Michel, Ruichen Ni +2

Shock-physics numerical codes are essential tools for describing the short but extreme fragmentation stage of the hypervelocity impact process on asteroids. However, accurately rep…

astro-ph.EP2026★ 12 cited

The compositions of the HR 8799 planets reflect accretion of both solids and metal-enriched gas

Jerry W. Xuan, Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, Yayaati Chachan +24

With four giant planets (, $T_\rm{eff}\sim900-1200$ K) orbiting between 15-70 au, HR 8799 provides an unparalleled testbed for studying giant planet formatio…

astro-ph.EP2026★ 8 cited

PICASO 4.0: Clouds and Photochemistry in Climate Models of Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets

James Mang, Natasha E. Batalha, Caroline V. Morley +8

We present a major update to the open-source atmospheric modeling package \texttt{PICASO}, designed for simulating the thermal structure and spectra of hydrogen-rich atmospheres of…

astro-ph.EP2026★ 1 cited

A Collective Trigger for Widespread Planetesimal Formation Revealed by Accretion Ages

James Bryson, Hannah Sanderson, Francis Nimmo +4

The formation of planetesimals was an integral part of the cascading series of processes that built the terrestrial planets. To illuminate planetesimal formation, here we develop a…

astro-ph.EP2026★ 12 cited

Jupiter-like uniform metal enrichment in a system of multiple giant exoplanets

Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, Jerry W. Xuan, Yayaati Chachan +15

The accretion of icy and rocky solids during the formation of a gas giant planet is poorly constrained and challenging to model. Refractory species, like sulfur, are only present i…

astro-ph.EP2026

Using observations of escaping H/He to constrain the atmospheric composition of sub-Neptunes

James G. Rogers, James E. Owen, Ethan Schreyer +1

The internal composition of sub-Neptunes remains a prominent unresolved question in exoplanetary science. We present a technique to place constraints on envelope mean molecular wei…

astro-ph.EP2026★ 4 cited

Distinct Rotational Evolution of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarf Companions

Chih-Chun Hsu, Jason J. Wang, Jerry W. Xuan +27

We present a rotational velocity (vsini) survey of 32 stellar/substellar objects and giant planets using Keck/KPIC high-resolution spectroscopy, including 6 giant planets (2-7 M$_\…

astro-ph.EP2025★ 5 cited

The Impact of Irradiation on the Radius and Thermal Evolution of Transiting Brown Dwarfs

Sagnick Mukherjee, Jonathan J. Fortney, Theron W. Carmichael +2

Masses and radii of transiting brown dwarfs can be measured directly in contrast to isolated field brown dwarfs, whose mass and radius inferences are model dependent. Therefore, tr…

astro-ph.EP2025★ 5 cited

Physicochemical Controls on the Compositions of the Earth and Planets

Paolo A. Sossi, Remco C. Hin, Thorsten Kleine +2

Despite the fact that the terrestrial planets formed from the protoplanetary disk, their compositions show marked departures from that of solar nebula condensates. Metallic cores f…

astro-ph.EP2025★ 3 cited

Large-amplitude Variability Driven by Giant Dust Storms on a Planetary-mass Companion

Xianyu Tan, Xi Zhang, Mark S. Marley +17

Large-amplitude variations are commonly observed in the atmospheres of directly imaged exoplanets and brown dwarfs. VHS 1256B, the most variable known planet-mass object, exhibits…

astro-ph.EP2025★ 1 cited

Chasing the storm: Investigating the application of high-contrast imaging techniques in producing precise exoplanet light curves

Ben J. Sutlieff, David S. Doelman, Jayne L. Birkby +10

Substellar companions such as exoplanets and brown dwarfs exhibit changes in brightness arising from top-of-atmosphere inhomogeneities, providing insights into their atmospheric st…

astro-ph.EP2025★ 1 cited

Methane on the temperate exo-Saturn TOI-199b

Aaron Bello-Arufe, Renyu Hu, Mantas Zilinskas +10

Temperate ( K) gas giants represent an unexplored frontier in exoplanet atmospheric spectroscopy. Orbiting a G-type star every days, the Saturn-mass exopl…

astro-ph.EP2025★ 6 cited

Horizontal and vertical exoplanet thermal structure from a JWST spectroscopic eclipse map

Ryan C. Challener, Megan Weiner Mansfield, Patricio E. Cubillos +33

Highly-irradiated giant exoplanets known as "ultra-hot Jupiters" are anticipated to exhibit large variations of atmospheric temperature and chemistry as a function of longitude, la…

astro-ph.EP2025★ 8 cited

Direct Spectroscopy of 51 Eridani b with JWST NIRSpec

Alexander Madurowicz, Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, Bruce Macintosh +4

We present high-contrast direct spectroscopy of the low-mass, cool exoplanet 51 Eridani b (2-4 M, 750 K) using JWST / NIRSpec in a fixed-slit configuration (F2…

astro-ph.EP2025★ 2 cited

Nonuniform Water Distribution in Jupiter's Mid Latitudes: Influence of Precipitation and Planetary Rotation

Huazhi Ge, Cheng Li, Xi Zhang +2

Knowing the composition of Jupiter's atmosphere is crucial for constraining Jupiter's bulk metallicity and formation history. Yet, constraining Jupiter's atmospheric water abundanc…

astro-ph.EP2025★ 21 cited

Revising the Giant Planet Mass-Metallicity Relation: Deciphering the Formation Sequence of Giant Planets

Yayaati Chachan, Jonathan J. Fortney, Kazumasa Ohno +2

The rate at which giant planets accumulate solids and gas is a critical component of planet formation models, yet it is extremely challenging to predict from first principles. Char…