Chandra Observations of the X-ray Environs of SN 1998bw/GRB 980425

Abstract

(Abrigded) We report X-ray studies of the environs of SN 1998bw and GRB 980425 using the Chandra X-Ray Observatory 1281 days after the GRB. Combining our observation of the supernova with others of the GRB afterglow, a smooth X-ray light curve, spanning ~1300 days, is obtained by assuming the burst and supernova were coincident at 35.6 Mpc. When this X-ray light curve is compared with those of the X-ray ``afterglows'' of ordinary GRBs, X-ray Flashes, and ordinary supernovae, evidence emerges for at least two classes of lightcurves, perhaps bounding a continuum. By three to ten years, all these phenomena seem to converge on a common X-ray luminosity, possibly indicative of the supernova underlying them all. This convergence strengthens the conclusion that SN 1998bw and GRB 980425 took place in the same object. One possible explanation for the two classes is a (nearly) standard GRB observed at different angles, in which case X-ray afterglows with intermediate luminosities should eventually be discovered. Finally, we comment on the contribution of GRB afterglows to the ULX source population.

26 pages, 5 figues, submitted to ApJ

References in corpus (53)

• Maps of Dust IR Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and CMBR Foregrounds
• Collapsars - Gamma-Ray Bursts and Explosions in "Failed Supernovae"
• Discovery of the peculiar supernova 1998bw in the error box of GRB980425
• A very energetic supernova associated with the gamma-ray burst of 29 March 2003
• Spectroscopic Discovery of the Supernova 2003dh Associated with GRB 030329
• Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for a Standard Energy Reservoir
• Are Gamma-Ray Bursts in Star Forming Regions?
• Discovery of the X-Ray Afterglow of the Gamma-Ray Burst of February 28 1997
• A `Hypernova' model for SN 1998bw associated with gamma-ray burst of 25 April 1998
• Wind Interaction Models for Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: The Case for Two Types of Progenitors
• The Expulsion of Stellar Envelopes in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• How to Tell a Jet from a Balloon: A Proposed Test for Beaming in Gamma Ray Bursts
• First Results from the X-ray and Optical Survey of the Chandra Deep Field South
• Afterglow lightcurves, viewing angle and the jet structure of gamma-ray bursts
• GRB Energetics and the GRB Hubble Diagram: Promises and Limitations
• Off-Axis Afterglow Emission from Jetted Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Viewing Angle and Environment Effects in GRB: Sources of Afterglow Diversity
• A Common Origin for Cosmic Explosions Inferred from Fireball Calorimetry
• An unusually massive stellar black hole in the Galaxy
• Gamma-Ray Bursts and Type Ic Supernovae: SN 1998bw
• Events in the life of a cocoon surrounding a light, collapsar jet
• The Propagation and Eruption of Relativistic Jets from the Stellar Progenitors of GRBs
• A ROSAT HRI survey of bright nearby galaxies
• Implications of the radio afterglow from the gamma-ray burst of May 8, 1997
• Trans-Relativistic Blast Waves in Supernovae as Gamma-Ray Burst Progenitors
• A Standard Kinetic Energy Reservoir in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
• Radio Emission from an Ultraluminous X-Ray Source
• The X-ray Source Population of "The Antennae" Galaxies: X-ray Properties from Chandra and Multiwavelength Associations
• The nebular spectra of the hypernova SN 1998bw and evidence for asymmetry
• BeppoSAX Observations of GRB980425: Detection of the Prompt Event and Monitoring of the Error Box
• X-ray, Optical, and Radio Observations of the Type II Supernovae 1999em and 1998S
• Radio Supernova SN 1998bw and Its Relation to GRB 980425
• A very low luminosity X-ray flash: XMM-Newton observations of GRB 031203
• Fluid dynamics of partially radiative blast waves
• Improvement of the Spatial Resolution of the ACIS Using Split Pixel Events
• An Off-Axis Jet Model For GRB980425 and Low Energy Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Chandra Discovery of Luminous Supersoft X-Ray Sources in M81
• The Time-Variable Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources of "The Antennae"
• HST/STIS Imaging of the Host Galaxy of GRB980425/SN1998bw
• Supernova 1998bw - The final phases
• The nature of GRB980425 and the search for off-axis GRB signatures in nearby type Ib/c supernovae emission
• The X-ray afterglow of GRB030329
• The Afterglow of GRB010222: A Case of Continuous Energy Injection
• Constraints on Off-Axis GRB Jets in Type Ibc Supernovae From Late-Time Radio Observations
• X-ray Emission from the Type Ic Supernova 1994I Observed with Chandra
• The X-ray afterglow of GRB000926 observed by BeppoSAX and Chandra: a mildly collimated fireball in a dense medium ?
• Ultra-Luminous X-ray Source Populations in Normal Galaxies: a Preliminary Survey with Chandra
• BeppoSAX confirmation of beamed afterglow emission from GRB990510
• Late evolution of the X-ray afterglow of GRB 030329
• Does the detection of X-ray emission from SN1998bw support its association with GRB980425?
• The nature of the prompt X-ray and radio emission from SN2002ap
• Off-axis Emission from the Beamed Afterglow of Gamma Ray Bursts and a Possible Interpretation of Slowly Declining X-Ray Afterglow of GRB980425
• A second glance at SN 2002ap and the M74 field with XMM-Newton

Cited by in corpus (60)

• The Supernova -- Gamma-Ray Burst Connection
• Evidence for a Canonical GRB Afterglow Light Curve in the Swift/XRT Data
• An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova
• An extremely luminous panchromatic outburst from the nucleus of a distant galaxy
• The Afterglows of Swift-era Gamma-Ray Bursts. I. Comparing pre-Swift and Swift era Long/Soft (Type II) GRB Optical Afterglows
• Circumstellar Emission from Type Ib and Ic Supernovae
• Closing in on a Short-Hard Burst Progenitor: Constraints from Early-Time Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy of a Possible Host Galaxy of GRB 050509b
• A Complete Catalog of Swift GRB Spectra and Durations: Demise of a Physical Origin for Pre-Swift High-Energy Correlations
• The Host Galaxy of GRB 031203: Implications of its low metallicity, low redshift, and starburst nature
• Models for the Type Ic Hypernova SN 2003lw associated with GRB 031203
• On the nature of nearby GRB/SN host galaxies
• A thousand days after the merger: continued X-ray emission from GW170817
• The signature of the central engine in the weakest relativistic explosions: GRB100316D
• Gamma-ray burst progenitors
• An Off-Axis Model for GRB 031203
• On the Afterglow of the X-Ray Flash of July 23 2003: Photometric evidence for an off-axis Gamma-Ray Burst with an associated Supernova?
• Afterglow Observations Shed New Light on the Nature of X-ray Flashes
• On the classification of GRBs and their occurrence rates
• Superluminous X-rays from a superluminous supernova
• Results from a systematic survey of X-ray emission from Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae
• The Fast Evolution of SN 2010bh associated with XRF 100316D
• A Spectacular Radio Flare from XRF 050416a at 40 days and Implications for the Nature of X-ray Flashes
• The properties of the host galaxy and the immediate environment of GRB 980425 / SN 1998bw from the multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution
• The afterglow of a relativistic shock breakout and low-luminosity GRBs
• Dust in the wind: the role of recent mass loss in long gamma-ray bursts
• The 80 Ms follow-up of the X-ray afterglow of GRB 130427A challenges the standard forward shock model
• The low-luminosity tail of the GRB distribution: the case of GRB 980425
• Coasting external shock in wind medium: an origin for the X-ray plateau decay component in Swift GRB afterglows
• The Circumstellar Environments of Double-Peaked, Calcium-strong Supernovae 2021gno and 2021inl
• The early afterglow of GRB 190829A
• Gamma-Ray Burst/Supernova Associations: Energy partition and the case of a magnetar central engine
• High Energy Observations of XRF 030723: Evidence for an Off-axis Gamma-Ray Burst?
• iPTF17cw: An engine-driven supernova candidate discovered independent of a gamma-ray trigger
• Minutes-duration Optical Flares with Supernova Luminosities
• Multiwavelength analysis of three SNe associated with GRBs observed by GROND
• SCP06F6: A carbon-rich extragalactic transient at redshift z~0.14?
• The Hydrodynamics of Gamma-Ray Burst Remnants
• Broad-band emission properties of central engine powered supernova ejecta interacting with a circumstellar medium
• X-ray afterglow light curves : toward standard candle ?
• A Deep Search with HST for Late Time Supernova Signatures in the Hosts of XRF 011030 and XRF 020427
• 'Jet breaks' and 'missing breaks' in the X-Ray afterglow of Gamma Ray Bursts
• Exploring the canonical behaviour of long gamma-ray bursts using an intrinsic multi-wavelength afterglow correlation
• Probing the Soft X-ray Properties and Multi-Wavelength Variability of SN2023ixf and its Progenitor
• Cooling of young neutron stars in GRB associated to Supernova
• Massive star-formation rates of gamma-ray burst host galaxies: an unobscured view in X-rays
• The first Swift X-ray Flash: The faint afterglow of XRF 050215B
• Fundamental physics from black holes, neutron stars and gamma-ray bursts
• Swift/UVOT: 18 Years of Long GRB Discoveries and Advances
• The Luminosity Phase Space of Galactic and Extragalactic X-ray Transients Out to Intermediate Redshifts
• Conical Fireballs, Cannonballs, And Jet-Breaks In The Afterglows Of Gamma Ray Bursts
• High Energy Transients
• Long Gamma Ray Bursts Trace The Star Formation History
• Revisiting GRB 060218: new insights into low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts from a revised shock breakout model
• Local starburst conditions and formation of GRB 980425 / SN 1998bw within a collisional ring
• Selection biases in the gamma ray burst E${}_{\mathrm{iso}}$ -- L${}_{\mathrm{opt},\mathrm{X}}$ correlation
• Progenitor constraints for core-collapse supernovae from Chandra X-ray observations
• The Optical Luminosity Function of Gamma-ray Bursts deduced from ROTSE-III Observations
• ISO observations of the interacting galaxy Markarian 297: with the powerful supernova remnant 1982aa
• The X-ray and Radio Loud Fast Blue Optical Transient AT2020mrf: Implications for an Emerging Class of Engine-Driven Massive Star Explosions
• A search for pulsations from the compact object of GRB 060218