Cooling of young neutron stars in GRB associated to Supernova

Abstract

Recent observations of the late ($t=10^8$--$10^9$ s) emission of supernovae (SNe) associated to GRBs (GRB-SN) show a distinctive emission in the X-ray regime consistent with temperatures $10^7$--$10^8$ K. Similar features have been also observed in the two Type Ic SNe SN 2002ap and SN 1994I that are not associated to GRBs. We advance the possibility that the late X-ray emission observed in GRB-SN and in isolated SN is associated to a hot neutron star (NS) just formed in the SN event, here defined as a neo-NS. We discuss the thermal evolution of neo-NS in the age regime that spans from $\sim 1$ minute (just after the proto-NS phase) up to ages <10-100 yr. We examine the key factor governing the neo-NS cooling emphasizing on the neutrino emission. A phenomenological heating source and new boundary conditions are introduced to mimic the high-temperature atmosphere of young NSs. We match the neo-NS luminosity to the late X-ray emission of the GRB-SN events URCA-1 in GRB980425-SN1998bw, URCA-2 in GRB030329-SN2003dh, and URCA-3 in GRB031203-SN2003lw. By calibrating our additional heating source at early times to $\sim 10^{12}$--$10^{15}$ erg/g/s, we find a striking agreement of the luminosity obtained from the cooling of neo-NSs with the late ($t=10^8$--$10^9$ s) X-ray emission observed in GRB-SN. It is therefore appropriate to revise the boundary conditions used in the cooling theory of NSs, to match the proper conditions of the atmosphere at young ages. Additional heating processes that are still not studied within this context, such as e+e- pair creation by overcritical fields and nuclear fusion and fission energy release, might also take place under such conditions and deserve further analysis. Observation of GRB-SN has shown the possibility of witnessing the thermal evolution of neo-NSs. A new campaign of dedicated observations is recommended both of GRB-SN and of isolated Type Ic SN.

Version to be published by Astronomy & Astrophysics. Abstract reduced with respect to the one to be published in A&A due to arXiv system constraint of 300 words

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• GRB 110709B in the Induced Gravitational Collapse paradigm
• Effect of the chiral phase transition on axion mass and self-coupling
• Validating the Galaxy and Quasar Catalog-Level Blinding Scheme for the DESI 2024 analysis
• A common behavior in the late X-ray afterglow of energetic GRB-SN systems
• Modification of the universal relation between mass, radius and nonradial $f$-mode oscillation in proto-neutron stars
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