The Planetary Nebulae Spectrograph: the green light for Galaxy Kinematics

Abstract

Planetary nebulae are now well established as probes of galaxy dynamics and as standard candles in distance determinations. Motivated by the need to improve the efficiency of planetary nebulae searches and the speed with which their radial velocities are determined, a dedicated instrument - the Planetary Nebulae Spectrograph or PN.S - has been designed and commissioned at the 4.2m William Herschel Telescope. The high optical efficiency of the spectrograph results in the detection of typically ~ 150 PN in galaxies at the distance of the Virgo cluster in one night of observations. In the same observation the radial velocities are obtained with an accuracy of ~ 20 km/s

Accepted by PASP, to appear November 2002; the figures have been degraded for archival purposes

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Cited by in corpus (63)

• Galaxy Masses
• Kinematic properties of early-type galaxy haloes using planetary nebulae
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• A deep kinematic survey of planetary nebulae in the Andromeda Galaxy using the Planetary Nebula Spectrograph
• Planetary nebulae as tracers of galaxy stellar populations
• The Planetary Nebula System and Dynamics in the Outer Halo of NGC 5128
• The PN.S Elliptical Galaxy Survey: the dark matter in NGC 4494
• Dearth of dark matter or massive dark halo? Mass-shape-anisotropy degeneracies revealed by NMAGIC dynamical models of the elliptical galaxy NGC 3379
• Orbital structure of merger remnants: Trends with gas fraction in 1:1 mergers
• The PN.S Elliptical Galaxy Survey: Data Reduction, Planetary Nebula Catalog, and Basic Dynamics for NGC 3379
• Mass-to-light ratio gradients in early-type galaxy haloes
• The PN.S Elliptical Galaxy Survey: a standard LCDM halo around NGC 4374?
• The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda galaxy
• Elliptical galaxy masses out to five effective radii: the realm of dark matter
• The extended Planetary Nebula Spectrograph (ePN.S) early-type galaxy survey. The kinematic diversity of stellar halos and the relation between halo transition scale and stellar mass
• Tracing the Star Stream Through M31 Using Planetary Nebula Kinematics
• The Globular Cluster Kinematics and Galaxy Dark Matter Content of NGC 4649 (M60)
• Elliptical galaxies with rapidly decreasing velocity dispersion profiles: NMAGIC models and dark halo parameter estimates for NGC 4494
• Testing the nature of S0 galaxies using planetary nebula kinematics in NGC 1023
• Unravelling the origins of S0 galaxies using maximum likelihood analysis of planetary nebulae kinematics
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey II - Planetary Nebulae kinematics within 200 kpc of the cluster core
• The Planetary Nebula Spectrograph survey of S0 galaxy kinematics. Data and Overview
• Kinematic evidence for different Planetary Nebulae Populations in the elliptical galaxy NGC 4697
• Deriving the mass distribution of M87 from globular clusters
• Dynamical Models of Elliptical Galaxies -- II. M87 and its Globular Clusters
• The Globular Cluster Kinematics and Galaxy Dark Matter Content of NGC 3923
• Counter-dispersed slitless-spectroscopy technique: planetary nebula velocities in the halo of NGC 1399
• Forming Lenticular Galaxies via Violent Disk Instability
• Constraining the Mass Profiles of Stellar Systems: Schwarzschild Modeling of Discrete Velocity Datasets
• PHANGS-MUSE: Detection and Bayesian classification of ~40000 ionised nebulae in nearby spiral galaxies
• Bright and Dark Matter in Elliptical Galaxies: Mass and Velocity Distributions from Self-consistent Hydrodynamical Simulations
• The halo of M49 and its environment as traced by planetary nebulae
• Three dynamically distinct stellar populations in the halo of M49
• Radially Extended Kinematics in the S0 Galaxy NGC 2768 from Planetary Nebulae, Globular Clusters and Starlight
• Planetary Nebula Velocities in the Disk and Bulge of M31
• Is the Universe Simpler than LCDM?
• Stellar halos and elliptical galaxy formation: Origin of dynamical properties of the planetary nebular systems
• Fornax 3D project: automated detection of planetary nebulae in the centres of early-type galaxies and first results
• The halo of M105 and its group environment as traced by planetary nebula populations: I. Wide-field photometric survey of planetary nebulae in the Leo I group
• Resolving the Disc-Halo Degeneracy II: NGC 6946
• Dynamics of Elliptical Galaxies with Planetary Nebulae in Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy of a Planetary Nebula in an M31 Open Cluster: Hot-Bottom Burning at $3.4M_{\odot }$
• A Search for Planetary Nebulae With the SDSS: the outer regions of M31
• Uncovering Planetary Nebulae in Early Type Galaxies using the Rutgers Fabry-Perot
• Diagnostics of Baryonic Cooling in Lensing Galaxies
• The SLUGGS survey: chromo-dynamical modelling of the lenticular galaxy NGC 1023
• Chromodynamical Analysis of Lenticular Galaxies using Globular Clusters and Planetary Nebulae
• Unifying static analysis of gravitational structures with a scale-dependent scalar field gravity as an alternative to dark matter
• Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury IX: A Photometric Survey of Planetary Nebulae in M31
• The extended Planetary Nebula Spectrograph (ePN.S) early-type galaxy survey: The specific angular momentum of ETGs
• The PICS Project. I. The impact of metallicity and helium abundance on the bright end of the planetary nebula luminosity function
• Constraints on Galaxy Structure and Evolution from the Light of Nearby Systems
• Mapping the distribution of luminous and dark matter in strong lensing galaxies
• Architecture of the Andromeda: a quantitative analysis of clustering in the inner stellar halo
• Planetary Nebulae Populations in External Galaxies
• Probing the kinematics of early-type galaxy halos using planetary nebulae
• The survey of Planetary Nebulae in Andromeda (M31): I. Imaging the disk and halo with MegaCam@CFHT
• The outer halos of elliptical galaxies
• Diffuse light and galaxy interactions in the core of nearby clusters
• Toward a detailed view on the kinematics of intermediate luminosity early-type galaxies no dark matter candidates
• Dark-Matter Content of Early-Type Galaxies with Planetary Nebulae
• Modelling Kinematics and Dark Matter: The Halos of Elliptical Galaxies
• Galaxy Dynamics and the PNe Population