The Milky Way's Early Disk Was Built in Bursts. I. Evidence from Low-angular-momentum, High-$\alpha$ Stars Scattered Out of the Protodisk by Merger Events

Abstract

Stars born in the high-$\alpha$ disk can later acquire low angular momentum through dynamical scattering during early merger events. Their age--metallicity distribution thus provides a fossil record of the history of both star formation and dynamical perturbations in the early Milky Way disk. Here we identify a sample of 2,078 such stars from more than two million Gaia DR3 subgiants with robust determinations of ages, kinematics, and abundances. From this sample we reconstruct their intrinsic age--metallicity distribution with a forward modeling approach. Our results confirm that these scattered stars are older and more metal-poor than the bulk of the high-$\alpha$ disk on average. In particular, the joint age--metallicity distribution reveals a robust two-component feature: a broad, dominant component with a peak age of $\sim$11.5~Gyr and $[Fe/H]\simeq -0.59$, and an older and more metal-poor component with a peak age of $\sim$12.5~Gyr and $[Fe/H]\simeq -0.86$. The presence of this two-component structure suggests that the high-$\alpha$ disk experienced episodic phases of star formation and chemical enrichment. The age distribution of the younger Splash component, compared with that of the high-$\alpha$ disk, provides evidence for a substantial dynamical perturbation at a lookback time of 10.8--11.5~Gyr, possibly associated with an early passage of Gaia--Sausage--Enceladus (GSE). The older Splash component, with a peak age of $\sim$12.5~Gyr, may preserve signatures of an earlier interaction, possibly associated with the proposed Low-energy--Kraken--Heracles (LKH) event.

19 pages, 10 figures, Published in AJ

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