Detecting unresolved lensed SNe Ia in LSST using blended light curves

Abstract

Strongly gravitationally lensed supernovae (LSNe) are promising probes for providing absolute distance measurements using gravitational-lens time delays. Spatially unresolved LSNe offer an opportunity to enhance the sample size for precision cosmology. We predict that there will be approximately three times as many unresolved as resolved LSNe Ia in the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) by the {\it Rubin} Observatory. In this article, we explore the feasibility of detecting unresolved LSNe Ia from a pool of preclassified SNe Ia light curves using the shape of the blended light curves with deep-learning techniques. We find that $\sim 30\%$ unresolved LSNe Ia can be detected with a simple 1D convolutional neural network (CNN) using well-sampled $rizy$-band light curves (with a false-positive rate of $\sim 3\%$). Even when the light curve is well observed in only a single band among $r$, $i$, and $z$, detection is still possible with false-positive rates ranging from $\sim 4$ to $7\%$ depending on the band. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these unresolved cases can be detected at an early stage using light curves up to $\sim 20$ days from the first observation with well-controlled false-positive rates, providing ample opportunity to trigger follow-up observations. Additionally, we demonstrate the feasibility of time-delay estimations using solely LSST-like data of unresolved light curves, particularly for doubles, when excluding systems with low time delays and magnification ratios. However, the abundance of such systems among those unresolved in LSST poses a significant challenge. This approach holds potential utility for upcoming wide-field surveys, and overall results could significantly improve with enhanced cadence and depth in the future surveys.

16 pages, 9 figures, published in A&A. The data products and the relevant codes are available at https://zenodo.org/records/13644602 and https://github.com/deltasata/Unresolved_LSNeIa_in_LSST respectively

References in corpus (50)

• A Comprehensive Measurement of the Local Value of the Hubble Constant with 1 km/s/Mpc Uncertainty from the Hubble Space Telescope and the SH0ES Team
• The Zwicky Transient Facility: System Overview, Performance, and First Results
• H0LiCOW XIII. A 2.4% measurement of $H_0$ from lensed quasars: $5.3\sigma$ tension between early and late-Universe probes
• Three-dimensional delayed-detonation models with nucleosynthesis for Type Ia supernovae
• H0LiCOW V. New COSMOGRAIL time delays of HE0435-1223: $H_0$ to 3.8% precision from strong lensing in a flat $\Lambda$CDM model
• Normal Type Ia supernovae from violent mergers of white dwarf binaries
• Detonations in Sub-Chandrasekhar Mass C+O White Dwarfs
• TDCOSMO IV: Hierarchical time-delay cosmography -- joint inference of the Hubble constant and galaxy density profiles
• Multiple Images of a Highly Magnified Supernova Formed by an Early-Type Cluster Galaxy Lens
• iPTF16geu: A multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova
• Constraining Type Ia supernova models: SN 2011fe as a test case
• Violent mergers of nearly equal-mass white dwarf as progenitors of subluminous Type Ia supernovae
• Time-dependent 3D spectrum synthesis for type Ia supernovae
• Smoothing Supernova Data to Reconstruct the Expansion History of the Universe and its Age
• Photometric Supernova Classification With Machine Learning
• Effect of gravitational lensing on the distribution of gravitational waves from distant binary black hole mergers
• Gravitational Lens Time Delays: A Statistical Assessment of Lens Model Dependences and Implications for the Global Hubble Constant
• Constraints on the Hubble constant from Supernova Refsdal's reappearance
• Detection of the Gravitational Lens Magnifying a Type Ia Supernova
• Precise Time Delays from Strongly Gravitationally Lensed Type Ia Supernovae with Chromatically Microlensed Images
• Strong lensing time-delay cosmography in the 2020s
• The Hubble time inferred from 10 time-delay lenses
• TDCOSMO V: strategies for precise and accurate measurements of the Hubble constant with strong lensing
• How to Find Gravitationally Lensed Type Ia Supernovae
• The Impact of Microlensing on the Standardisation of Strongly Lensed Type Ia Supernovae
• A Framework for Telescope Schedulers: With Applications to the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope
• HOLISMOKES -- I. Highly Optimised Lensing Investigations of Supernovae, Microlensing Objects, and Kinematics of Ellipticals and Spirals
• Magnified or multiply imaged? - Search strategies for gravitationally lensed supernovae in wide-field surveys
• Strongly lensed SNe Ia in the era of LSST: observing cadence for lens discoveries and time-delay measurements
• GERLUMPH Data Release 1: High-resolution cosmological microlensing magnification maps and eResearch tools
• Uncovering a population of gravitational lens galaxies with magnified standard candle SN Zwicky
• Lensed Type Ia Supernova "Encore" at z=2: The First Instance of Two Multiply-Imaged Supernovae in the Same Host Galaxy
• Strong gravitational lensing and microlensing of supernovae
• Interpreting the strongly lensed supernova iPTF16geu: time delay predictions, microlensing, and lensing rates
• Cosmography with Supernova Refsdal through time-delay cluster lensing: independent measurements of the Hubble constant and geometry of the Universe
• Improved time-delay lens modelling and $H_0$ inference with transient sources
• Shock cooling of a red-supergiant supernova at redshift 3 in lensed images
• Nebular Spectroscopy of Kepler's Brightest Supernova
• HOLISMOKES -- III. Achromatic Phase of Strongly Lensed Type Ia Supernovae
• Measuring accretion disk sizes of lensed quasars with microlensing time delay in multi-band light curves
• GERLUMPH Data Release 2: 2.5 billion simulated microlensing light curves
• Adventures in the microlensing cloud: large datasets, eResearch tools, and GPUs
• HOLISMOKES -- VII. Time-delay measurement of strongly lensed Type Ia supernovae using machine learning
• Be It Unresolved: Measuring Time Delays from Lensed Supernovae
• Discovering Strongly-lensed QSOs From Unresolved Light Curves
• Identifying lensed quasars and measuring their time-delays from unresolved light curves
• Enabling catalog simulations of transient and variable sources based on LSST cadence strategies
• AI-driven spatio-temporal engine for finding gravitationally lensed type Ia supernovae
• HOLISMOKES -- XII. Time-delay Measurements of Strongly Lensed Type Ia Supernovae using a Long Short-Term Memory Network
• Harnessing Unresolved Lensed Quasars: The Mathematical Foundation of the Fluctuation Curve

Cited by in corpus (4)

• HOLISMOKES -- XII. Time-delay Measurements of Strongly Lensed Type Ia Supernovae using a Long Short-Term Memory Network
• HOLISMOKES XV. Search for strong gravitational lenses combining ground-based and space-based imaging
• The Case for Space: Estimating Precise Time Delays from Ground- and Space-Based Observations of Lensed Supernovae with Glimpse
• Detection of Unresolved Strongly Lensed Supernovae with 7-Dimensional Telescope