Fountain-driven gas accretion feeding star formation over the disc of NGC 2403

Abstract

We use a dynamical model of galactic fountain to study the neutral extraplanar gas (EPG) in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 2403. We have modelled the EPG as a combination of material ejected from the disc by stellar feedback (i.e. galactic fountain) and gas accreting from the inner circumgalactic medium (CGM). This accretion is expected to occur because of cooling/condensation of the hot CGM (corona) triggered by the fountain. Our dynamical model reproduces the distribution and kinematics of the EPG H$\mathrm{I}$ emission in NGC 2403 remarkably well and suggests a total EPG mass of $4.7_{-0.9}^{+1.2}\times 10^8{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$, with a typical scale height of around 1 kpc and a vertical gradient of the rotation velocity of $-10.0\pm 2.7\mathrm{km}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}\mathrm{kp}{\mathrm{c}}^{-1}$. The best-fitting model requires a characteristic outflow velocity of $50\pm 10\mathrm{km}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$. The outflowing gas starts out mostly ionised and only becomes neutral later in the trajectory. The accretion rate from the condensation of the inner hot CGM inferred by the model is 0.8${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$, approximately equal to the star formation rate in this galaxy (0.6${\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$). We show that the accretion profile, which peaks at a radius of about 4.5kpc, predicts a disc growth rate compatible with the observed value. Our results indicate that fountain-driven corona condensation is a likely mechanism to sustain star formation as well as the disc inside-out growth in local disc galaxies.

arXiv comment15 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (93)

• A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering
• How Do Galaxies Get Their Gas?
• The Formation of Galactic Disks
• The Star Formation Efficiency in Nearby Galaxies: Measuring Where Gas Forms Stars Effectively
• 3D-HST+CANDELS: The Evolution of the Galaxy Size-Mass Distribution since $z=3$
• The physics driving the cosmic star formation history
• Galaxies in a simulated $\Lambda$CDM Universe I: cold mode and hot cores
• PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions
• Dust-Corrected Star Formation Rates of Galaxies. I. Combinations of H-alpha and Infrared Tracers
• Cold gas accretion in galaxies
• The Large, Oxygen-Rich Halos of Star-Forming Galaxies Are A Major Reservoir of Galactic Metals
• The Auriga Project: the properties and formation mechanisms of disc galaxies across cosmic time
• Making Galaxies in a Cosmological Context: The Need for Early Stellar Feedback
• Extremely Inefficient Star Formation in the Outer Disks of Nearby Galaxies
• Moving mesh cosmology: tracing cosmological gas accretion
• Distances and Metallicities of High- and Intermediate-Velocity Clouds
• The cold gaseous halo of NGC 891
• The growth and entrainment of cold gas in a hot wind
• Galaxy Disks
• Kinematics and history of the solar neighbourhood revisited
• Angular momentum and galaxy formation revisited
• Accretion of gas onto nearby spiral galaxies
• Deep H I Survey of the Spiral Galaxy NGC 2403
• A Superbubble Feedback Model for Galaxy Simulations
• A Dynamical Model for the Extra-planar Gas in Spiral Galaxies
• Gas kinematics, morphology, and angular momentum in the FIRE simulations
• The Westerbork Hydrogen Accretion in Local Galaxies (HALOGAS) Survey I. Survey Description and Pilot Observations
• HI holes and high-velocity clouds in the spiral galaxy NGC 6946
• Numerical Simulations of Multiphase Winds and Fountains from Star-Forming Galactic Disks: I. Solar Neighborhood TIGRESS Model
• Hierarchical formation of bulgeless galaxies II: Redistribution of angular momentum via galactic fountains
• Fuel Efficient Galaxies: Sustaining Star Formation with Stellar Mass Loss
• Detection of a Hot Gaseous Halo Around the Giant Spiral Galaxy NGC 1961
• Angular momentum evolution of galaxies in EAGLE
• Characterizing Circumgalactic Gas around Massive Ellipticals at z~0.4 - II. Physical Properties and Elemental Abundances
• The baryon fraction of LambdaCDM haloes
• Efficiency of gas cooling and accretion at the disc-corona interface
• Unveiling the corona of the Milky Way via ram-pressure stripping of dwarf satellites
• Volumetric star formation laws of disc galaxies
• Supernova-driven gas accretion in the Milky Way
• Do high-velocity clouds form by thermal instability?
• Massive Coronae of Galaxies
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) III: galactic wind properties using background quasars
• LITTLE THINGS in 3D: robust determination of the circular velocity of dwarf irregular galaxies
• Galactic fountains and the rotation of disc-galaxy coronae
• Gas accretion and galactic fountain flows in the Auriga cosmological simulations: angular momentum and metal re-distribution
• A Deep XMM-Newton Study of the Hot Gaseous Halo Around NGC 1961
• High-velocity clouds as streams of ionized and neutral gas in the halo of the Milky Way
• The GALEX Arecibo SDSS survey: III. Evidence for the Inside-Out Formation of Galactic Disks
• Gas Accretion via Condensation and Fountains
• Gas Condensation in the Galactic Halo
• The mode of gas accretion onto star-forming galaxies
• Integral Field Unit Observations of NGC 891: Kinematics of the Diffuse Ionized Gas Halo
• COS-Burst: Observations of the Impact of Starburst-Driven Winds on the Properties of the Circum-Galactic Medium
• The Rotation of the Hot Gas Around the Milky Way
• Extra-planar gas in the spiral galaxy NGC 4559
• Radial motions and radial gas flows in local spiral galaxies
• The origin of the high-velocity cloud complex C
• Precipitation-Regulated Star Formation in Galaxies
• Accretion, radial flows and abundance gradients in spiral galaxies
• Massive Warm/Hot Galaxy Coronae: II. Isentropic Model
• The EDGE-CALIFA Survey: Evidence for Pervasive Extraplanar Diffuse Ionized Gas in Nearby Edge-On Galaxies
• Gas infall and radial transport in cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass disks
• HALOGAS: the properties of extraplanar HI in disc galaxies
• Estimating gas accretion in disc galaxies using the Kennicutt-Schmidt law
• Baryon Budget of the Hot Circumgalactic Medium of Massive Spiral Galaxies
• Linked evolution of gas and star formation in galaxies over cosmic history
• Galaxies probing galaxies: cool halo gas from a z = 0.47 post-starburst galaxy
• Modelling the HI halo of the Milky Way
• The baryonic specific angular momentum of disc galaxies
• Distribution and kinematics of atomic and molecular gas inside the Solar circle
• Gas accretion from minor mergers in local spiral galaxies
• Relationship between the Metallicity of the Circumgalactic Medium and Galaxy Orientation
• Galaxies Probing Galaxies in PRIMUS - I. Sample, Spectroscopy, and Characteristics of the z~0.5 MgII-Absorbing Circumgalactic Medium
• The impact of gas disc flaring on rotation curve decomposition and revisiting baryonic and dark-matter relations for nearby galaxies
• Ionized absorbers as evidence for supernova-driven cooling of the lower Galactic corona
• Galaxy disc scaling relations: A tight linear galaxy -- halo connection challenges abundance matching
• Kinematics of diffuse ionized gas in the disk halo interface of NGC 891 from Fabry-Pérot observations
• Intermediate- and high-velocity clouds in the Milky Way I: covering factors and vertical heights
• On the origin of the warm-hot absorbers in the Milky Way's halo
• Physical Properties of Complex C Halo Clouds
• A low HI column density filament in NGC 2403: signature of interaction or accretion
• Intermediate- and high-velocity clouds in the Milky Way II: evidence for a Galactic fountain with collimated outflows and diffuse inflows
• Kinematics and Dynamics of Multiphase Outflows in Simulations of the Star-Forming Galactic ISM
• The volumetric star formation law for nearby galaxies -- Extension to dwarf galaxies and low-density regions
• The angular momentum of cosmological coronae and the inside-out growth of spiral galaxies
• AGN feedback in elliptical galaxies: numerical simulations
• Anomalous HI in NGC 2997
• Thermal instability in rotating galactic coronae
• Efficiency of Thermal Conduction in a Magnetised Circumgalactic Medium
• A deep Chandra observation of the hot gaseous halo around a rare, extremely massive and relativistic jet launching spiral galaxy
• Most of the cool CGM of star-forming galaxies is not produced by supernova feedback
• The HI Column Density Distribution of the Galactic Disk and Halo
• A Kinematic Analysis of Ionised Extraplanar Gas in the Spiral Galaxies NGC 3982 and NGC 4152

Cited by in corpus (16)

• Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Deep anatomy of nearby galaxies
• Gas and stellar kinematic misalignment in MaNGA galaxies: what is the origin of counter-rotating gas?
• JWST MIRI and NIRCam observations of NGC 891 and its circumgalactic medium
• Clouds accreting from the IGM are not able to feed the star formation of low-redshift disc galaxies
• Possible origins of anomalous HI gas around MHONGOOSE galaxy, NGC 5068
• HI within and around observed and simulated galaxy discs -- Comparing MeerKAT observations with mock data from TNG50 and FIRE-2
• Bidimensional Exploration of the warm-Temperature Ionised gaS (BETIS) II. Revisiting the ionisation mechanism of the extraplanar diffuse ionised gas
• Understanding the Baryon Cycle: Fueling Star Formation via Inflows in Milky Way-like Galaxies
• Resonance coupling in spiral arms: Patterns for flat rotation curve
• Both Stellar Mass and Gravitational Potential Shape the Gas-Phase Metallicity
• Fading in the Flow: Suppression of cold gas growth in expanding galactic outflows
• Uncovering Extraplanar Gas in UGCA 250 with the Ultra-deep MHONGOOSE Survey
• Rethinking Habitability using Biogenic Precursors: Formaldehyde in Millimeter Molecular Clouds of the Inner Galaxy
• Hot accretion onto spiral galaxies: the origin of extended and warped HI discs
• Recent Developments on the HI Gas of Low-Redshift Galaxies Seen by the 21cm Emission Lines
• Spatially Resolved Properties of Extraplanar Diffuse Ionized Gas in NGC3511 and NGC3513