Correlations between flow and transverse momentum in Xe+Xe and Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC with the ATLAS detector: a probe of the heavy-ion initial state and nuclear deformation

Abstract

The correlations between flow harmonics $v_n$ for $n=2$, 3 and 4 and mean transverse momentum $[p_{\mathrm{T}}]$ in ${}^{129}$Xe+${}^{129}$Xe and ${}^{208}$Pb+${}^{208}$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.44$ TeV and 5.02 TeV, respectively, are measured using charged particles with the ATLAS detector. The correlations are sensitive to the shape and size of the initial geometry, nuclear deformation, and initial momentum anisotropy. The effects from non-flow and centrality fluctuations are minimized, respectively, via a subevent cumulant method and event activity selection based on particle production in the very forward rapidity. The results show strong dependences on centrality, harmonic number $n$, $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ and pseudorapidity range. Current models describe qualitatively the overall centrality- and system-dependent trends but fail to quantitatively reproduce all the data. In the central collisions, where models generally show good agreement, the $v_2$-$[p_{\mathrm{T}}]$ correlations are sensitive to the triaxiality of the quadruple deformation. The comparison of model to the Pb+Pb and Xe+Xe data suggests that the ${}^{129}$Xe nucleus is a highly deformed triaxial ellipsoid that is neither a prolate nor an oblate shape. This provides strong evidence for a triaxial deformation of ${}^{129}$Xe nucleus using high-energy heavy-ion collision.

42 pages in total, 9 figures, 2 tables, All figures including auxiliary figures are available at https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/HION-2021-01/

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• Measures of azimuthal anisotropy in high-energy collisions
• Non-Gaussian transverse momentum fluctuations from impact parameter fluctuations
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• Signature of the $\alpha$-clustering structure of Light Nuclei in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
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• Scaling approach to rigid and soft nuclear deformation through flow fluctuations in high-energy nuclear collisions
• Imprints of octupole collectivity in uranium-238 on relativistic heavy-ion flow observables
• Rapidity dependence of mean transverse momentum fluctuation and decorrelation in baryon-dense medium
• Extracting the speed of sound of QCD from transverse momentum fluctuations
• Impact of the pre-equilibrium phase for the determination of nuclear geometry in high-energy isobar collisions
• Topical issue on the intersection of low-energy nuclear structure and high-energy nuclear collisions
• A comparison study of collisions at relativistic energies involving light nuclei