Enrichment of Jupiter's atmosphere by late planetesimal bombardment

Abstract

Jupiter's atmosphere is enriched with heavy elements by a factor of about 3 compared to proto-solar. The origin of this enrichment and whether it represent the bulk composition of the planetary envelope remain unknown. Internal structure models of Jupiter suggest that its envelope is separated from the deep interior and that the planet is not fully mixed. This implies that Jupiter's atmosphere was enriched with heavy elements just before the end of its formation. Such enrichment can be a result of late planetesimal accretion. However, in-situ Jupiter formation models suggest the decreasing accretion rate with increasing planetary mass, which cannot explain Jupiter's atmospheric enrichment. In this study, we model Jupiter's formation and show that an migration of proto-Jupiter from $\sim$ 20 AU to its current location can lead to a late planetesimal accretion and atmospheric enrichment. Late planetesimal accretion does not occur if proto-Jupiter migrates only a few AU. We suggest that if Jupiter's outermost layer is fully-mixed and is relatively thin (up to $\sim$ 20\% of its mass), such late accretion can explain its measured atmospheric composition. It is therefore possible that Jupiter underwent significant orbital migration followed by late planetesimal accretion.

18 pages, 8 figures, Accepted for ApJL

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• Heavy-element Accretion by Proto-Jupiter in a Massive Planetesimal Disk, Revisited
• The influence of planetesimal fragmentation on planet formation
• HD 163296 and its Giant Planets: Creation of Exo-comets, Interstellar Objects and Transport of Volatile Material