Scalar and Fermion Two-component SIMP Dark Matter with an Accidental ${\mathbb{Z}}_4^{}$ Symmetry

Abstract

In this paper, we construct for the first time a two-component strongly interacting massive particles (SIMP) dark matter (DM) model, where a complex scalar and a vector-like fermion play the role of the SIMP DM candidates. These two particles are stable due to an accidental ${\mathbb{Z}}_4^{}$ symmetry after the breaking of a $\text{U}(1{)}_{\text{D}}^{}$ gauge symmetry. By introducing one extra complex scalar as a mediator between the SIMP particles, this model can have $3\to 2$ processes that determine the DM relic density. On the other hand, the SIMP DM particles can maintain kinetic equilibrium with the thermal bath until the DM freeze-out temperature via the $\text{U}(1{)}_{\text{D}}^{}$ gauge couplings. Most importantly, we find an unavoidable two-loop induced $2\to 2$ process tightly connecting to the $3\to 2$ process that would redistribute the SIMP DM number densities after the chemical freeze-out of DM. Moreover, this redistribution would significantly modify the predictions of the self-interacting cross section of DM compared with other SIMP models. It is crucial to include the two-loop induced $2\to 2$ annihilations to obtain the correct DM phenomenology.

30 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, and 2 appendices; references added, minor corrections, and match to published version

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