The Gliese 86 Binary System: A Warm Jupiter Formed in a Disk Truncated at $\approx$2 AU

Abstract

Gliese 86 is a nearby K dwarf hosting a giant planet on a $\approx$16-day orbit and an outer white dwarf companion on a $\approx$century-long orbit. In this study we combine radial velocity data (including new measurements spanning more than a decade) with high angular resolution imaging and absolute astrometry from Hipparcos and Gaia to measure the current orbits and masses of both companions. We then simulate the evolution of the Gl 86 system to constrain its primordial orbit when both stars were on the main sequence; the closest approach between the two stars was then about $9$AU. Such a close separation limited the size of the protoplanetary disk of Gl 86 A and dynamically hindered the formation of the giant planet around it. Our measurements of Gl 86 B and Gl 86 Ab's orbits reveal Gl 86 as a system in which giant planet formation took place in a disk truncated at $\approx$2AU. Such a disk would be just big enough to harbor the dust mass and total mass needed to assemble Gl 86 Ab's core and envelope, assuming a high disk accretion rate and a low viscosity. Inefficient accretion of the disk onto Gl 86 Ab, however, would require a disk massive enough to approach the Toomre stability limit at its outer truncation radius. The orbital architecture of the Gl 86 system shows that giant planets can form even in severely truncated disks and provides an important benchmark for planet formation theory.

arXiv comment17 pages, 10 figures

References in corpus (68)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Giant Planets, Oscillations, Rotation, and Massive Stars
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Binaries, Pulsations, and Explosions
• MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (MIST). I: Solar-Scaled Models
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Convective Boundaries, Element Diffusion, and Massive Star Explosions
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Pulsating Variable Stars, Rotation, Convective Boundaries, and Energy Conservation
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: The astrometric solution
• Planet Occurrence within 0.25 AU of Solar-type Stars from Kepler
• Spectroscopic [Fe/H] for 98 extra-solar planet-host stars: Exploring the probability of planet formation
• Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets
• Rapid growth of gas-giant cores by pebble accretion
• The Transiting Circumbinary Planets Kepler-34 and Kepler-35
• A seven-planet resonant chain in TRAPPIST-1
• Identifying Exoplanets with Deep Learning: A Five Planet Resonant Chain around Kepler-80 and an Eighth Planet around Kepler-90
• S4N: A Spectroscopic Survey of Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
• A Planetary Companion to gamma Cephei A
• The White Dwarf Initial-Final Mass Relation for Progenitor Stars From 0.85 to 7.5 M${}_{\odot }$
• The Initial-Final Mass Relation: Direct Constraints at the Low Mass End
• Dynamic temperature selection for parallel-tempering in Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations
• Pebble isolation mass --- scaling law and implications for the formation of super-Earths and gas giants
• The Hipparcos-Gaia Catalog of Accelerations: Gaia EDR3 Edition
• A Robust Measure of Tidal Circularization in Coeval Binary Populations: The solar-type spectroscopic Binary Population in The Open Cluster M35
• The Impact of Stellar Multiplicity on Planetary Systems, I.: The Ruinous Influence of Close Binary Companions
• Hubble Space Telescope Astrometry of the Procyon System
• Oxygen Abundances in Nearby FGK Stars and the Galactic Chemical Evolution of the Local Disk and Halo
• The Hipparcos-Gaia Catalog of Accelerations
• A sub-Mercury-sized exoplanet
• Oxygen Abundances in Nearby Stars. Clues to the formation and evolution of the Galactic disk
• Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: Growth of gas giants
• Discovery and Validation of Kepler-452b: A 1.6-Re Super Earth Exoplanet in the Habitable Zone of a G2 Star
• Wind Roche-lobe overflow: Application to carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars
• First Results from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search - A Brown Dwarf Candidate and a 51 Peg-like Planet
• Influence of Stellar Multiplicity On Planet Formation. I. Evidence of Suppressed Planet Formation Due to Stellar Companions Within 20 AU and Validation of Four Planets From the Kepler Multiple Planet Candidates
• Precise Dynamical Masses of Directly Imaged Companions from Relative Astrometry, Radial Velocities, and Hipparcos-Gaia DR2 Accelerations
• orvara: An Efficient Code to Fit Orbits using Radial Velocity, Absolute, and/or Relative Astrometry
• Gl86B: a white dwarf orbits an exoplanet host star
• An Exoplanet's Response to Anisotropic Stellar Mass-Loss During Birth and Death
• Discovery of a Third Transiting Planet in the Kepler-47 Circumbinary System
• Orbital evolution of mass-transferring eccentric binary systems. II. Secular Evolution
• On the Likelihood of Planet Formation in Close Binaries
• Planet formation and migration near the silicate sublimation front in protoplanetary disks
• Star Hoppers: Planet Instability and Capture in Evolving Binary Systems
• The Anglo-Australian Planet Search. XXIII. Two New Jupiter Analogs
• Planet formation in stellar binaries II: overcoming the fragmentation barrier in alpha Centauri and gamma Cephei-like systems
• Characterizing and correcting the proper motion bias of the bright Gaia EDR3 sources
• The GRAVITY Young Stellar Object survey -- I. Probing the disks of Herbig Ae/Be stars in terrestrial orbits
• Planetesimal collisions in binary systems
• A long-period planet orbiting a nearby Sun-like star
• Disk Truncation and Planet Formation in gamma Cephei
• Orbital and Evolutionary Constraints on the Planet Hosting Binary GJ 86 from the Hubble Space Telescope
• Stellar Radial Velocities in the Old Open Cluster M67 (NGC 2682). II. The Spectroscopic Binary Population
• K2-137 b: an Earth-sized planet in a 4.3-hour orbit around an M-dwarf
• The Magellan PFS Planet Search Program: Radial Velocity and Stellar Abundance Analyses of the 360 AU, Metal-Poor Binary "Twins" HD 133131A & B
• True masses of the long-period companions to HD 92987 and HD 221420 from Hipparcos-Gaia astrometry
• The GRAVITY Young Stellar Object survey. VII. The inner dusty disks of T Tauri stars
• Wind-accretion disks in wide binaries, second generation protoplanetary disks and accretion onto white dwarfs
• Radiative Transfer on Perturbations in Protoplanetary Disks
• Formation of S-type planets in close binaries: scattering induced tidal capture of circumbinary planets
• Demographics of Exoplanets in Binaries (DEB). I. Architecture of S-Type Planetary Systems Revealed by the RV Sample
• The conjectured S-type retrograde planet in nu Octantis: more evidence including four years of iodine-cell radial velocities
• Analytic Expressions for the Inner-Rim Structure of Passively Heated Protoplanetary Disks
• It takes two planets in resonance to tango around K2-146

Cited by in corpus (6)

• The McDonald Accelerating Stars Survey (MASS): Architecture of the Ancient Five-Planet Host System Kepler-444
• Evolution of the Planetary Obliquity: The Eccentric Kozai-Lidov Mechanism Coupled with Tide
• DMPP-3: confirmation of short-period S-type planet(s) in a compact eccentric binary star system, and warnings about long-period RV planet detections
• Dynamical Masses and Ages of Sirius-like Systems
• Weighing the Darkness III: How Gaia Could, but Probably Won't, Astrometrically Detect Free-Floating Black Holes
• Breaking the Mass Inclination Degeneracy of Radial Velocity Measurements via Monitoring von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai Cycles: Implications in the HD 41004 System