Radiative Transfer on Perturbations in Protoplanetary Disks

Abstract

We present a method for calculating the radiative tranfer on a protoplanetary disk perturbed by a protoplanet. We apply this method to determine the effect on the temperature structure within the photosphere of a passive circumstellar disk in the vicinity of a small protoplanet of up to 20 Earth masses. The gravitational potential of a protoplanet induces a compression of the disk material near it, resulting in a decrement in the density at the disk's surface. Thus, an isodensity contour at the height of the photosphere takes on the shape of a well. When such a well is illuminated by stellar irradiation at grazing incidence, it results in cooling in a shadowed region and heating in an exposed region. For typical stellar and disk parameters relevant to the epoch of planet formation, we find that the temperature variation due to a protoplanet at 1 AU separation from its parent star is about 4% (5 K) for a planet of 1 Earth mass, about 14% (19 K) for planet of 10 Earth masses, and about 18% (25 K) for planet of 20 Earth masses, We conclude that even such relatively small protoplanets can induce temperature variations in a passive disk. Therefore, many of the processes involved in planet formation should not be modeled with a locally isothermal equation of state.

23 pages, 8 figures (including 3 color figs). Submitted to ApJ

References in corpus (2)

• Evidence for a developing gap in a 10 Myr old protoplanetary disk
• Three-dimensional Calculations of High and Low-mass Planets Embedded in Protoplanetary Discs

Cited by in corpus (21)

• Nonlinear Outcome of Gravitational Instability in Disks with Realistic Cooling
• Intermediate mass black holes in AGN disks II. Model predictions & observational constraints
• The missing cavities in the SEEDS polarized scattered light images of transitional protoplanetary disks: a generic disk model
• The 0.5-2.22-micron Scattered Light Spectrum of the Disk Around TW Hya: Detection of a Partially Filled Disk Gap at 80 AU
• Rings and gaps in the disc around Elias 24 revealed by ALMA
• Growing and moving low-mass planets in non-isothermal disks
• Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks as Signatures of Planets: I. Methodology and Validation
• Type I Migration in a Non-Isothermal Protoplanetary Disk
• Disk Truncation and Planet Formation in gamma Cephei
• Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks as Signatures of Planets: II. Inclined Disks
• Constraints on the Formation of the Planet Around HD188753A
• Tracing large-scale structures in circumstellar disks with ALMA
• Planet Shadows in Protoplanetary Disks. I: Temperature Perturbations
• Limits on eclipses of the pre-main-sequence star KH 15D in the first half of the 20th century
• Dust Settling and Rapid Planetary Migration
• Disk Temperature Variations and Effects on the Snow Line in the Presence of Small Protoplanets
• Radiatively heated, protoplanetary discs with dead zones. I. Dust settling and thermal structure of discs around M stars
• A global two-layer radiative transfer model for axisymmetric, shadowed protoplanetary disks
• The Gliese 86 Binary System: A Warm Jupiter Formed in a Disk Truncated at $\approx$2 AU
• Radiative Transfer Models of a Possible Planet in the AB Aurigae Disk
• Dust Rings and Cavities in the Protoplanetary Disks around HD 163296 and DoAr 44