A high-resolution view of the filament of gas between Abell 399 and Abell 401 from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and MUSTANG-2

Abstract

We report a significant detection of the hot intergalactic medium in the filamentary bridge connecting the galaxy clusters Abell 399 and Abell 401. This result is enabled by a low-noise, high-resolution map of the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich signal from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) and Planck satellite. The ACT data provide the $1.65^{\prime }$ resolution that allows us to clearly separate the profiles of the clusters, whose centres are separated by $37^{\prime }$, from the gas associated with the filament. A model that fits for only the two clusters is ruled out compared to one that includes a bridge component at $>5\sigma$. Using a gas temperature determined from Suzaku X-ray data, we infer a total mass of $(3.3\pm 0.7)\times 10^{14}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ associated with the filament, comprising about $8\%$ of the entire Abell 399-Abell 401 system. We fit two phenomenological models to the filamentary structure; the favoured model has a width transverse to the axis joining the clusters of $\sim 1.9\mathrm{Mpc}$. When combined with the Suzaku data, we find a gas density of $(0.88\pm 0.24)\times 10^{-4}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-3}$, considerably lower than previously reported. We show that this can be fully explained by a geometry in which the axis joining Abell 399 and Abell 401 has a large component along the line of sight, such that the distance between the clusters is significantly greater than the $3.2\mathrm{Mpc}$ projected separation on the plane of the sky. Finally, we present initial results from higher resolution ($12.7"$ effective) imaging of the bridge with the MUSTANG-2 receiver on the Green Bank Telescope.

arXiv comment23 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables. This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society following peer review. The version of record is available online at: https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stab3391/6442294

References in corpus (77)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Array Programming with NumPy
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• The Astropy Project: Building an inclusive, open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package
• HEALPix -- a Framework for High Resolution Discretization, and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere
• UniverseMachine: The Correlation between Galaxy Growth and Dark Matter Halo Assembly from z=0-10
• The Cosmic Baryon Budget
• The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Where are the Baryons?
• The universal galaxy cluster pressure profile from a representative sample of nearby systems (REXCESS) and the Y_SZ-M_500 relation
• Chandra Cluster Cosmology Project II: Samples and X-ray Data Reduction
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR4 Maps and Cosmological Parameters
• Planck 2013 results. XX. Cosmology from Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster counts
• A census of baryons in the Universe from localized fast radio bursts
• The Cosmic Energy Inventory
• The Baryon Census in a Multiphase Intergalactic Medium: 30% of the Baryons May Still Be Missing
• The Temperature Structure of 30 Nearby Clusters Observed with ASCA. Similarity of Temperature Profiles
• Residual Gas Motions in the Intracluster Medium and Bias in Hydrostatic Measurements of Mass Profiles of Clusters
• Where Are the Baryons? II: Feedback Effects
• Advanced ACTPol Cryogenic Detector Arrays and Readout
• The Search for the Missing Baryons at Low Redshift
• Stellar mass -- halo mass relation and star formation efficiency in high-mass halos
• Observations of the MIssing Baryons in the warm-hot intergalactic medium
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Catalog of > 4000 Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Galaxy Clusters
• A full sky, low foreground, high resolution CMB map from WMAP
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: The Receiver and Instrumentation
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: The polarization-sensitive ACTPol instrument
• On the Cluster Physics of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Surveys I: The Influence of Feedback, Non-thermal Pressure and Cluster Shapes on Y-M Scaling Relations
• Dark Matter Halo Profiles of Massive Clusters: Theory vs. Observations
• Astrophysics with the Spatially and Spectrally Resolved Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effects: A Millimetre/Submillimetre Probe of the Warm and Hot Universe
• Baryons in the CosmicWeb of IllustrisTNG - I: Gas in Knots, Filaments, Sheets and Voids
• Dos and don'ts of reduced chi-squared
• A radio ridge connecting two galaxy clusters in a filament of the cosmic web
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Combined kinematic and thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich measurements from BOSS CMASS and LOWZ halos
• Probing the missing baryons with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect from filaments
• A Search for Warm/Hot Gas Filaments Between Pairs of SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies
• Simulations of extragalactic magnetic fields and of their observables
• High Metallicity of the X-Ray Gas up to the Virial Radius of a Binary Cluster of Galaxies: Evidence of Galactic Superwinds at High-Redshift
• A Measurement of the Hubble Constant from the X-Ray Properties and the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect of CL0016+16
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR5 maps of 18,000 square degrees of the microwave sky from ACT 2008-2018 data
• Properties of Merger Shocks in Merging Galaxy Clusters
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Component-separated maps of CMB temperature and the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
• Thermal SZ fluctuations in the ICM: probing turbulence and thermodynamics in Coma cluster with $Planck$
• Temperature structure of the intergalactic medium within seven nearby and bright clusters of galaxies observed with XMM-Newton
• Second order Fermi reacceleration mechanisms and large scale synchrotron radio emission in intra-cluster bridges
• Gas and galaxies in filament between clusters of galaxies: The study of A399-A401
• Properties of gas phases around cosmic filaments at z=0 in the Illustris-TNG simulation
• Deriving accurate peculiar velocities (even at high redshift)
• First detection of stacked X-ray emission from cosmic web filaments
• A Measurement of the Galaxy Group-Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Cross-Correlation Function
• An EAGLE view of the missing baryons
• Forecasts for the detection of the magnetised cosmic web from cosmological simulations
• Mapping and characterisation of cosmic filaments in galaxy cluster outskirts: strategies and forecasts for observations from simulations
• A double radio halo in the close pair of galaxy clusters Abell 399 and Abell 401
• XMM-Newton observations of the binary cluster system Abell 399/401
• Properties of the cosmological filament between two clusters: A possible detection of a large-scale accretion shock by $Suzaku$
• Morphology parameters: substructure identification in X-ray galaxy clusters
• Measuring the Three-Dimensional Structure of Galaxy Clusters. II. Are clusters of galaxies oblate or prolate?
• Density and temperature of cosmic-web filaments on scales of tens of megaparsecs
• Constraining the Baryon Abundance with the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect: Projected-Field Detection Using Planck, WMAP, and unWISE
• The X-ray Structure of A399 and A401: A Pre-Merging Cluster Pair
• Towards the statistical detection of the warm-hot intergalactic medium in inter-cluster filaments of the cosmic web
• Pressure profiles and mass estimates using high-resolution Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect observations of Zwicky 3146 with MUSTANG-2
• Observations of a Pre-Merger Shock in Colliding Clusters of Galaxies
• Direct detection of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in galaxy clusters
• An Unbiased Measurement of Ho through Cosmic Background Imager Observations of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in Nearby Galaxy Clusters
• The Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect from Massive, Quiescent 0.5 $\le$ z $\le$ 1.5 Galaxies
• To be or not to be: hot WHIM absorption in the blazar PKS 2155-304 sight line?
• Non-Equilibrium Ionization State and Two-Temperature Structure in the Linked Region of Abell 399/401
• MINOT: Modeling the intracluster medium (non-)thermal content and observable prediction tools
• Mass Models and Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Predictions for a Flux Limited Sample of 22 Nearby X-Ray Clusters
• Relativistic Corrections to the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect for Clusters of Galaxies. V. Effect of the Motion of the Observer
• On the relation between Lya absorbers and local galaxy filaments
• A VLT/MUSE galaxy survey towards QSO Q1410: looking for a WHIM traced by BLAs in inter-cluster filaments
• Cluster Geometry & Inclinations from Deprojection Uncertainties
• Merger Dynamics of the Pair of Galaxy Clusters -- A399 and A401

Cited by in corpus (3)

• Relative distribution of dark matter, gas, and stars around cosmic filaments in the IllustrisTNG simulation
• A detailed study of the bridge of excess X-ray emission between the galaxy clusters Abell 2029 and Abell 2033
• Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) Science: Resolving the Hot and Ionized Universe through the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect