Field-tunable interactions and frustration in underlayer-mediated artificial spin ice

Abstract

Artificial spin ice systems have opened experimental windows into a range of model magnetic systems through the control of interactions among nanomagnet moments. This control has previously been enabled by altering the nanomagnet size and the geometry of their placement. Here we demonstrate that the interactions in artificial spin ice can be further controlled by including a soft ferromagnetic underlayer below the moments. Such a substrate also breaks the symmetry in the array when magnetized, introducing a directional component to the correlations. Using spatially resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy to image the demagnetized ground states, we show that the correlation of the demagnetized states depends on the direction of underlayer magnetization. Further, the relative interaction strength of nearest and next-nearest neighbors varies significantly with the array geometry. We exploit this feature to induce frustration in an inherently unfrustrated square lattice geometry, demonstrating new possibilities for effective geometries in two dimensional nanomagnetic systems.

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Cited by in corpus (7)

• Dynamic coupling and spin-wave dispersions in a magnetic hybrid system made of an artificial spin-ice structure and an extended NiFe underlayer
• Partial lifting of degeneracy in the $J_1-J_2-J_3$ Ising antiferromagnet on the kagome lattice
• Artificial out-of-plane Ising antiferromagnet on the kagome lattice with very small further neighbour couplings
• Gænice: a general model for magnon band structure of artificial spin ices
• Writable spin wave nanochannels in an artificial-spin-ice-mediated ferromagnetic thin film
• Local ferromagnetic resonance measurements of mesoscopically patterned ferromagnets using deterministically placed nanodiamonds
• Perpendicular-anisotropy artificial spin ice with spontaneous ordering: a platform for neuromorphic computing with flexible timescales