Using Shell Models to Investigate Clumping in the Wind of the O7Iaf+ Supergiant AzV83

Abstract

Hot massive stars exhibit strong stellar winds that enrich the surrounding interstellar medium and affect the stars' evolution. However, the winds are inhomogeneous (clumped) and are difficult to model in radiative transfer codes. To produce more realistic spectra many codes use a volume-filling factor approach to incorporate the effects of clumping. While this approach is convenient it is simplistic. We introduce an alternative approach to incorporate clumping by assuming the wind is composed of dense spherical shells. Using this approach in the radiative transfer code CMFGEN we produce synthetic spectra for AzV83, an O7Iaf+ supergiant located in the Small Magellanic Cloud. The spectrum of AzV83 is rich in both photospheric and wind features, making it an ideal candidate with which to investigate the physical characteristics of stellar winds. Synthetic spectra are compared to the star's observed spectrum to better characterize the influence of clumped winds on spectral features, and to better understand the limitations of the volume-filling factor approach. The approach using spherical shells yields similar wind parameters to those obtained using the volume-filling factor approach although a slightly higher mass-loss rate is required to fit H$\alpha$. As expected, the interclump medium in the model with shells allows the high ionisation resonance transitions of N V and O VI to be fitted using $L_{\mathrm{X}-\mathrm{ray}}/L_{\mathrm{Bol}}\approx 10^{-7}$ which is typically observed for O stars, and which is a factor of ten lower than needed with the volume-filling factor approach.

Accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (5)

• Mass loss from hot massive stars
• Bright OB stars in the Galaxy - III. Constraints on the radial stratification of the clumping factor in hot star winds from a combined Halpha, IR and radio analysis
• Neglecting the porosity of hot-star winds can lead to underestimating mass-loss rates
• The Effect of Porosity on X-ray Emission Line Profiles from Hot-Star Winds
• On the Importance of the Interclump Medium for Superionization: O VI Formation in the Wind of Zeta Pup

Cited by in corpus (3)

• Clumping and X-Rays in cooler B supergiant stars
• Wind properties of Milky Way and SMC massive stars: empirical Z dependence from CMFGEN models
• Using Shell Models to Investigate Clumping in the WN4 Star HD 50896