Chains of Boson Stars

Abstract

We study axially symmetric multi-soliton solutions of a complex scalar field theory with a sextic potential, minimally coupled to Einstein's gravity. These solutions carry no angular momentum and can be classified by the number of nodes of the scalar field, $k_z$, along the symmetry axis; they are interpreted as chains with $k_z+1$ boson stars, bound by gravity, but kept apart by repulsive scalar interactions. Chains with an odd number of constituents show a spiraling behavior for their ADM mass (and Noether charge) in terms of their angular frequency, similarly to a single fundamental boson star, as long as the gravitational coupling is small; for larger coupling, however, the inner part of the spiral is replaced by a merging with the fundamental branch of radially excited spherical boson stars. Chains with an even number of constituents exhibit a truncated spiral pattern, with only two or three branches, ending at a limiting solution with finite values of ADM mass and Noether charge.

arXiv comment20 pages, 6 figures

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• $U(1)$ gauged boson stars in the Einstein-Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin model
• Self-interacting dipolar boson stars and their dynamics
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• Two boson stars in equilibrium
• Charged hairy black holes in the gauged Einstein-Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin model
• Magnetostatic boson stars
• Probing the Ellis-Bronnikov wormhole geometry with a scalar field: clouds, waves and Q-balls
• Phase analyses for compact, charged boson stars and shells harboring black holes in the $\mathbb{C}{P}^N$ nonlinear sigma model
• Bifurcations in Bosonic Stars: chains and rings from spherical solutions