The effect of stellar multiplicity on protoplanetary discs. A NIR survey of the Lupus star forming region

Abstract

We present results from a near-infrared (NIR) adaptive optics (AO) survey of pre-main-sequence stars in the Lupus Molecular Cloud with VLT/NACO to identify (sub)stellar companions down to $\sim$20 au separation and investigate the effects of multiplicity on circumstellar disc properties. We observe for the first time in the NIR with AO a total of 47 targets and complement our observations with archival data for another 58 objects previously observed with the same instrument. All 105 targets have millimetre ALMA data available, which provide constraints on disc masses and sizes. We identify a total of 13 multiple systems, including 11 doubles and 2 triples. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the most massive (M${}_{\mathrm{dust}}$ $>$ 50 M${}_{\oplus }$) and largest ($R_{\mathrm{dust}}>$ 70 au) discs are only seen around stars lacking visual companions (with separations of 20-4800 au) and that primaries tend to host more massive discs than secondaries. However, as recently shown in a very similar study of $>$200 PMS stars in the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud, the distribution of disc masses and sizes are similar for single and multiple systems for M${}_{\mathrm{dust}}<50$ M${}_{\oplus }$ and radii $R_{\mathrm{dust}}<$ 70 au. Such discs correspond to $\sim$80-90\% of the sample. This result can be seen in the combined sample of Lupus and Ophiuchus objects, which now includes more than 300 targets with ALMA imaging and NIR AO data, and implies that stellar companions with separations $>$20 au mostly affect discs in the upper 10$\%$ of the disc mass and size distributions.

11 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA) I: Cloud-level demographics of 873 protoplanetary disks
• Stellar multiplicity affects the correlation between proto-planetary disc masses and accretion rates: binaries explain high-accretors in Upper Sco
• On dust evolution in planet-forming discs in binary systems. II -- Comparison with Taurus and $\rho$ Ophiuchus (sub-)millimetre observations: discs in binaries have small dust sizes
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): Diverse outcomes of binary-disk interactions
• Optical and Near-Infrared Excesses are Correlated in T Tauri Stars
• The SPHERE view of multiple star formation