The duty cycle of radio galaxies revealed by LOFAR: remnant and restarted radio source populations in the Lockman Hole

Abstract

Feedback from radio jets associated with Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) plays a profound role in the evolution of galaxies. Kinetic power of these radio jets appears to show temporal variation, but the mechanism(s) responsible for this process are not yet clear. Recently, the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) has uncovered large populations of active, remnant and restarted radio jet populations. By focusing on LOFAR data in the Lockman Hole, in this work we use the Radio AGN in Semi-Analytic Environments (RAiSE) dynamical model to present the first self-consistent modelling analysis of active, remnant and restarted radio source populations. Consistent with other recent work, our models predict that remnant radio lobes fade quickly. Any high (>10 percent) observed fraction of remnant and restarted sources therefore requires a dominant population of short-lived jets. We speculate that this could plausibly be provided by feedback-regulated accretion.

14 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS. Companion paper to Jurlin et al., also in today's arXiv posting

References in corpus (33)

• Properties of galaxies reproduced by a hydrodynamic simulation
• Evidence for powerful AGN winds at high redshift: Dynamics of galactic outflows in radio galaxies during the "Quasar Era"
• Raining on black holes and massive galaxies: the top-down multiphase condensation model
• Revisiting the Fanaroff-Riley dichotomy and radio-galaxy morphology with the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)
• How AGN Jets Heat the Intracluster Medium -- Insights from Hydrodynamic Simulations
• Minkowski's Object: A Starburst Triggered by a Radio Jet, Revisited
• LOFAR/H-ATLAS: A deep low-frequency survey of the Herschel-ATLAS North Galactic Pole field
• Luminosity function, sizes and FR dichotomy of radio-loud AGN
• The duty cycle of local radio galaxies
• Suppression of Star Formation in NGC 1266
• Numerical modelling of the lobes of radio galaxies in cluster environments II: Magnetic field configuration and observability
• The Energetics and Lifetimes of Local Radio Active Galactic Nuclei
• The MIXR sample: AGN activity versus star formation across the cross-correlation of WISE, 3XMM, and FIRST/NVSS
• Observed properties of FRII quasars and radio galaxies at z < 1.0
• The Lockman Hole project: LOFAR observations and spectral index properties of low-frequency radio sources
• A representative survey of the dynamics and energetics of FRII radio galaxies
• The Complete Local Volume Groups Sample - I. Sample Selection and X-ray Properties of the High-Richness Subsample
• Search and modelling of remnant radio galaxies in the LOFAR Lockman Hole field
• RAiSE III: 3C radio AGN energetics and composition
• Remnant radio-loud AGN in the Herschel-ATLAS field
• LOFAR-Boötes: Properties of high- and low-excitation radio galaxies at $0.5<z<2.0$
• Internal entrainment and the origin of jet-related broad-band emission in Centaurus A
• RAiSE II: resolved spectral evolution in radio AGN
• On the population of remnant FRII radio galaxies and implications for radio source dynamics
• Delayed triggering of radio Active Galactic Nuclei in gas-rich minor mergers in the local Universe
• Outflow of hot and cold molecular gas from the obscured secondary nucleus of NGC3256: closing in on feedback physics
• The many lives of active galactic nuclei-II: The formation and evolution of radio jets and their impact on galaxy evolution
• Triggering Active Galactic Nuclei in galaxy clusters
• Galaxy wide radio induced feedback in a radio quiet quasar
• The peculiar radio galaxy 4C 35.06: a case for recurrent AGN activity?
• A discovery of young radio sources in the cores of giant radio galaxies selected at hard X-rays
• Feedback by supermassive black holes in galaxy evolution: impacts of accretion and outflows on the star formation rate
• Probing gaseous halos of galaxies with radio jets

Cited by in corpus (18)

• Quasars That Have Transitioned from Radio-quiet to Radio-loud on Decadal Timescales Revealed by VLASS and FIRST
• Accretion mode versus radio morphology in the LOFAR Deep Fields
• Mysterious Odd Radio Circle near the Large Magellanic Cloud -- An Intergalactic Supernova Remnant?
• Dynamics of relativistic radio jets in asymmetric environments
• The best of both worlds: Combining LOFAR and Apertif to derive resolved radio spectral index images
• Multi-frequency characterisation of remnant radio galaxies in the Lockman Hole field
• The Dynamics and Energetics of Remnant and Restarting RLAGN
• Placing LOFAR-detected quasars in CIV emission space: implications for winds, jets and star formation
• A giant radio galaxy with three cycles of episodic jet activity from LoTSS DR2
• GMRT unveils steep-spectrum antique filaments in the galaxy cluster Abell 725
• Selecting and Modelling Remnant AGNs with Limited Spectral Coverage
• eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): eFEDS X-ray view of WERGS Radio Galaxies selected by the Subaru/HSC and VLA/FIRST survey
• Robust Supermassive Black Hole Spin Mass-Energy Characteristics: A New Method and Results
• Revealing the Unusual Structure of the KAT-7-Discovered Giant Radio Galaxy J0133$-$1302
• Evolution and feedback of AGN Jets of different Cosmic-ray Composition
• Central radio galaxies in galaxy clusters: Joint surveys by eROSITA and ASKAP
• Combining LOFAR and Apertif Data for Understanding the Life Cycle of Radio Galaxies
• Deep ASKAP EMU Survey of the GAMA23 field: Properties of radio sources