VER J2227+608: A Hadronic PeVatron Pulsar Wind Nebula?

Abstract

We report the detection of GeV $\gamma$-ray emission from the very-high-energy (VHE) $\gamma$-ray source VER J2227+608 associated with the "tail" region of SNR G106.3+2.7. The GeV $\gamma$-ray emission is extended and spatially coincident with molecular clouds traced by CO emission. The broadband GeV to TeV emission of VER J2227+608 can be well fitted by a single power-law function with an index of 1.90$\pm$0.04, without obvious indication of spectral cutoff toward high energies. The pure leptonic model for the $\gamma$-ray emission can be marginally ruled out by the X-ray and TeV data. In the hadronic model, the low energy content of CRs and the hard $\gamma$-ray spectrum, in combination with the center-bright source structure, suggest that VER J2227+608 may be powered by the PWN instead of shocks of the SNR. And the cutoff energy of the proton distribution needs to be higher than $\sim$ 400 TeV, which makes it an attractive PeVatron candidate. Future observations by the upcoming Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) and the Cherenkov Telescope Array in the north (CTA-North) could distinguish these models and constrain the maximum energy of cosmic rays in supernova remnants.

7 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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Cited by in corpus (29)

• Incremental Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog
• Potential PeVatron supernova remnant G106.3+2.7 seen in the highest-energy gamma rays
• The Hunt for Pevatrons: The Case of Supernova Remnants
• HAWC J2227+610 and its association with G106.3+2.7, a new potential Galactic PeVatron
• ASTRI Mini-Array Core Science at the Observatorio del Teide
• MAGIC observations provide compelling evidence of the hadronic multi-TeV emission from the putative PeVatron SNR G106.3+2.7
• Evidence for PeV Proton Acceleration from Fermi-LAT Observations of SNR G106.3+2.7
• Hadronic vs leptonic models for $\gamma$-ray emission from VER J2227+608
• Where are Milky Way's Hadronic PeVatrons?
• X-Ray Emission from the PeVatron-candidate Supernova Remnant G106.3+2.7
• Revealing a peculiar supernova remnant G106.3+2.7 as a petaelectronvolt proton accelerator with X-ray observations
• Modeling the broadest spectral band of the Crab nebula and constraining the ions acceleration efficiency
• The LHAASO PeVatron bright sky: what we learned
• Ultra-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy
• On the hard $\gamma$-ray spectrum of the potential PeVatron supernova remnant G106.3+2.7
• LHAASO J2226+6057 as a pulsar wind nebula
• Probing LHAASO Galactic PeVatrons through gamma-ray and neutrino correspondence
• Study of maximum electron energy of sub-PeV pulsar wind nebulae by multiwavelength modelling
• A Possible Hadronic Origin of TeV Photon Emission from SNR G106.3+2.7
• Multi-wavelength observations of 2HWC J1928+177: dark accelerator or new TeV gamma-ray binary?
• likely Detection of GeV gamma-Ray Emission from the composite supernova remnant COMP G327.1+1.1 with Fermi-LAT
• Search for the Galactic accelerators of Cosmic-Rays up to the Knee with the Pevatron Test Statistic
• Fermi-LAT detection of GeV $\gamma$-ray emission from Type Ia supernova remnant G272.2-3.2
• The Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS)
• PeVatron Candidate SNR G106.3+2.7 in a Low-density Cavity: a Multiwavelength Test
• Fermi-LAT Detection of GeV Gamma-Ray Emission from The Highly Asymmetric Shell Supernova Remnant: SNR G317.3-0.2
• The Potential for Hadronic Particle Acceleration in Galactic Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• IRAM 30 m CO-line Observation toward PeVatron Candidate G106.3+2.7: Direct Interaction between the Shock and the Molecular Cloud Remains Uncertain
• Can a single supernova remnant account for the gamma-ray emission of G106.3+2.7?