An extensive grid of DARWIN models for M-type AGB stars I. Mass-loss rates and other properties of dust-driven winds

Abstract

The purpose of this work is to present an extensive grid of dynamical atmosphere and wind models for M-type AGB stars, covering a wide range of relevant stellar parameters. We used the DARWIN code, which includes frequency-dependent radiation-hydrodynamics and a time-dependent description of dust condensation and evaporation, to simulate the dynamical atmosphere. The wind-driving mechanism is photon scattering on submicron-sized Mg${}_2$SiO${}_4$ grains. The grid consists of $\sim 4000$ models, with luminosities from $L_{\star }=890{\mathrm{L}}_{\odot }$ to $L_{\star }=40000{\mathrm{L}}_{\odot }$ and effective temperatures from 2200K to 3400K. For the first time different current stellar masses are explored with M-type DARWIN models, ranging from 0.75M${}_{\odot }$ to 3M${}_{\odot }$. The modelling results are radial atmospheric structures, dynamical properties such as mass-loss rates and wind velocities, and dust properties (e.g. grain sizes, dust-to-gas ratios, and degree of condensed Si). We find that the mass-loss rates of the models correlate strongly with luminosity. They also correlate with the ratio $L_{\ast }/M_{\ast }$: increasing $L_{\ast }/M_{\ast }$ by an order of magnitude increases the mass-loss rates by about three orders of magnitude, which may naturally create a superwind regime in evolution models. There is, however, no discernible trend of mass-loss rate with effective temperature, in contrast to what is found for C-type AGB stars. We also find that the mass-loss rates level off at luminosities higher than $\sim 14000{\mathrm{L}}_{\odot }$, and consequently at pulsation periods longer than $\sim 800$ days. The final grain radii range from 0.25 micron to 0.6 micron. The amount of condensed Si is typically between 10% and 40%, with gas-to-dust mass ratios between 500 and 4000.

Accepted to A&A, 17 pages, 15 figures

References in corpus (14)

• The Dawes Review 2: Nucleosynthesis and stellar yields of low and intermediate-mass single stars
• Constraining the thermally-pulsing asymptotic giant branch phase with resolved stellar populations in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Too little radiation pressure on dust in the winds of oxygen-rich AGB stars
• A close halo of large transparent grains around extreme red giant stars
• AGB Stars in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• Exploring wind-driving dust species in cool luminous giants I. Basic criteria and dynamical models of M-type AGB stars
• Synthetic photometry for carbon-rich giants. IV. An extensive grid of dynamic atmosphere and wind models
• Exploring wind-driving dust species in cool luminous giants III. Wind models for M-type AGB stars: dynamic and photometric properties
• Vigorous atmospheric motion in the red supergiant star Antares
• Carbon star wind models at solar and sub-solar metallicities: a comparative study. I. Mass loss and the properties of dust-driven winds
• The wind of the M-type AGB star RT Virginis probed by VLTI/MIDI
• Pulsation-induced atmospheric dynamics in M-type AGB stars. Effects on wind properties, photometric variations and near-IR CO line profiles
• Modelling polarized light from dust shells surrounding asymptotic giant branch stars
• Tomography of silicate dust around M-type AGB stars I. Diagnostics based on dynamical models

Cited by in corpus (35)

• FIRE-3: Updated Stellar Evolution Models, Yields, & Microphysics and Fitting Functions for Applications in Galaxy Simulations
• Chemical equilibrium in AGB atmospheres: Successes, failures, and prospects for small molecules, clusters, and condensates
• Carbon star formation as seen through the non-monotonic initial-final mass relation
• Evolution and Mass Loss of Cool Ageing Stars: a Daedalean Story
• Modelling simple stellar populations in the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared with the X-shooter Spectral Library (XSL)
• The formation of ultra-massive carbon-oxygen core white dwarfs and their evolutionary and pulsational properties
• Global 3D radiation-hydrodynamical models of AGB stars with dust-driven winds
• ATOMIUM: ALMA tracing the origins of molecules in dust forming oxygen rich M-type stars: Motivation, sample, calibration, and initial results
• Atomium: A high-resolution view on the highly asymmetric wind of the AGB star Pi1 Gruis. I. First detection of a new companion and its effect on the inner wind
• A Fresh Look at AGB stars in Galactic Open Clusters with Gaia: Impact on Stellar Models and the Initial-Final Mass Relation
• Properties of self-excited pulsations in 3D simulations of AGB stars and red supergiants
• ATOMIUM: Probing the inner wind of evolved O-rich stars with new, highly excited H${}_2$O and OH lines
• Dynamic atmospheres and winds of cool luminous giants, II. Gradual Fe enrichment of wind-driving silicate grains
• Asteroseismology of luminous red giants with Kepler. II. Dependence of mass loss on pulsations and radiation
• 3D simulations of AGB stellar winds -- I. Steady winds and dust formation
• The Isaac Newton Telescope monitoring survey of Local Group dwarf galaxies -- IV. The star formation history of Andromeda VII derived from long period variable stars
• The intense production of silicates during the final AGB phases of intermediate mass stars
• DEATHSTAR: Nearby AGB stars with the Atacama Compact Array II. CO envelope sizes and asymmetries: The S-type stars
• Dust grain size evolution in local galaxies: a comparison between observations and simulations
• Dissecting the central regions of OH 231.8 + 4.2 with ALMA: a salty rotating disk at the base of a young bipolar outflow
• How to disentangle geometry and mass-loss rate from AGB-star spectral energy distributions -- The case of EP Aqr
• Submillimetre water masers at 437, 439, 471, and 474 GHz towards evolved stars. APEX observations and radiative transfer modelling
• SOFIA/HAWC+ observations of the Crab Nebula: dust properties from polarised emission
• Contemporaneous high-angular-resolution imaging of the AGB star W Hya in vibrationally excited H2O lines and visible polarized light with ALMA and VLT/SPHERE-ZIMPOL
• Relation of Observable Stellar Parameters to Mass-Loss Rate of AGB Stars in the LMC
• Infrared variable stars in the compact elliptical galaxy M32
• The K-band highest-resolution images of the Mira star R Car with GRAVITY-VLTI
• Three-component modelling of O-rich AGB star winds I. Effects of drift using forsterite
• Long-Term Near-Infrared Brightening of Non-Variable OH/IR Stars
• High-angular-resolution ALMA imaging of the inhomogeneous dynamical atmosphere of the asymptotic giant branch star W Hya
• Extended view on the dust shells around two carbon stars
• Water vapour masers in long-period variable stars III. Mira variables U Her and RR Aql
• The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey III: First data release of JCMT CO-line observations
• Dynamical Mass Loss at the End of TP-AGB stars
• VLTI-GRAVITY measurements of cool evolved stars: II. Pulsation properties and mass-loss process of the Mira star R Car and the red supergiant VX Sgr