A ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-index of symmetry protected topological phases with time reversal symmetry for quantum spin chains

Abstract

We introduce a ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-index for time reversal invariant Hamiltonians with unique gapped ground state on quantum spin chains. We show this is an invariant of a $C^1$-classification of gapped Hamiltonians.

arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1904.01669

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