Superfluidity in nuclear systems and neutron stars

Abstract

Nuclear matter and finite nuclei exhibit the property of superfluidity by forming Cooper pairs. We review the microscopic theories and methods that are being employed to understand the basic properties of superfluid nuclear systems, with emphasis on the spatially extended matter encountered in neutron stars, supernova envelopes, and nuclear collisions. Our survey of quantum many-body methods includes techniques that employ Green functions, correlated basis functions, and Monte Carlo sampling of quantum states. With respect to empirical realizations of nucleonic and hadronic superfluids, this review is focused on progress that has been made toward quantitative understanding of their properties at the level of microscopic theories of pairing, with emphasis on the condensates that exist under conditions prevailing in neutron-star interiors. These include singlet $S$-wave pairing of neutrons in the inner crust, and, in the quantum fluid interior, singlet-$S$ proton pairing and triplet coupled $P$-$F$-wave neutron pairing. Additionally, calculations of weak-interaction rates in neutron-star superfluids within the Green function formalism are examined in detail. We close with a discussion of quantum vortex states in nuclear systems and their dynamics in neutron-star superfluid interiors.

Review article, 63 pages, 28 figures, v4 matches journal version. [v2 and v3: 58 pages, 28 figures, v1: 50 pages, 27 figures]

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• Effect of superfluid matter of neutron star on the tidal deformability
• Theory of strongly paired fermions with arbitrary short-range interactions
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• Coexistence phase of ${}^1{S}_0$ and ${}^3{P}_2$ superfluids in neutron stars
• Nuclear superfluidity at finite temperature
• Non-Abelian Anyons and Non-Abelian Vortices in Topological Superconductors
• Diffusion as a leading dissipative mechanism in superconducting neutron stars
• Thermal luminosity degeneracy of magnetized neutron stars with and without hyperon cores
• Topological defects at the boundary of neutron ${}^3{P}_2$ superfluids in neutron stars
• Transport coefficients of nucleon neutron star cores for various nuclear interactions within the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach
• Spin-polarized phases of ${}^3{P}_2$ superfluids in neutron stars
• Quantum vortices in fermionic superfluids: from ultracold atoms to neutron stars
• Core structures of vortices in Ginzburg-Landau theory for neutron ${}^3{P}_2$ superfluids
• Gapless superfluidity in neutron stars: Normal-fluid fraction
• Gapless superfluidity in neutron stars: Thermal properties
• Massive neutron stars as mass gap candidates: Exploring equation of state and magnetic field
• Microscopic calculation of the pinning energy of a vortex in the inner crust of a neutron star
• Semiclassical shell-structure micro-macroscopic approach for the level density
• Nuclear Pairing Gaps and Neutron Star Cooling
• Variational and Parquet-diagram theory for strongly correlated normal and superfluid systems
• Instability windows of relativistic r-modes
• Neutron star cooling and mass distributions
• Proximity effects of vortices in neutron ${}^3{P}_2$ superfluids in neutron stars: Vortex core transitions and covalent bonding of vortex molecules
• Transport coefficients of magnetized neutron star cores
• Resonance suppression of the r-mode instability in superfluid neutron stars: Accounting for muons and entrainment
• Vector-boson condensates, spin-triplet superfluidity of paired neutral and charged fermions, and $3P_2$ pairing of nucleons
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• Impact of Multiple Phase Transitions in Dense QCD on Compact Stars
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• Investigating Time Evolution of Thermal Emission from the Putative Neutron Star in SN 1987A for 50+ Years
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• Microscopic-macroscopic level densities for low excitation energies
• Exploring ${}^3{P}_0$ Superfluid in Dilute Spin-Polarized Neutron Matter
• Strongly interacting matter in extreme magnetic fields
• Transport properties of superfluid phonons in neutron stars
• Magnetar Hard X-Ray Emission from Axion-like Particle Conversion
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• Induced three-neutron interactions with low cutoffs for dilute neutron matter
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• Detecting superfluid transition in the pulsar core
• Neutrino zeromodes on electroweak strings in light of topological insulators
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