Entanglement-based dc magnetometry with separated ions

Abstract

We demonstrate sensing of inhomogeneous dc magnetic fields by employing entangled trapped ions, which are shuttled in a segmented Paul trap. As \textit{sensor states}, we use Bell states of the type $|\uparrow \downarrow ⟩+{\text{e}}^{\text{i}\phi }|\downarrow \uparrow ⟩$ encoded in two ${}^{40}$Ca${}^{+}$ ions stored at different locations. Due to the linear Zeeman effect, the relative phase $\phi$ serves to measure the magnetic field difference between the constituent locations, while common-mode fluctuations are rejected. Consecutive measurements on sensor states encoded in the ${\text{S}}_{1/2}$ ground state and in the ${\text{D}}_{5/2}$ metastable state are used to separate an ac Zeeman shift from the linear dc Zeeman effect. We measure magnetic field differences over distances of up to $6.2\text{mm}$, with accuracies of around 300~fT, sensitivities down to $12\text{pT}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$, and spatial resolutions down to $10\text{nm}$. For optimizing the information gain while maintaining a high dynamic range, we implement an algorithm for Bayesian frequency estimation.

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