Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Gaussian Modulation -- The Theory of Practical Implementations
arXiv:1703.09278 · doi:10.1002/qute.201800011
Abstract
Quantum key distribution using weak coherent states and homodyne detection is a promising candidate for practical quantum-cryptographic implementations due to its compatibility with existing telecom equipment and high detection efficiencies. However, despite the actual simplicity of the protocol, the security analysis of this method is rather involved compared to discrete-variable QKD. In this article we review the theoretical foundations of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) with Gaussian modulation and rederive the essential relations from scratch in a pedagogical way. The aim of this paper is to be as comprehensive and self-contained as possible in order to be well intelligible even for readers with little pre-knowledge on the subject. Although the present article is a theoretical discussion of CV-QKD, its focus lies on practical implementations, taking into account various kinds of hardware imperfections and suggesting practical methods to perform the security analysis subsequent to the key exchange. Apart from a review of well known results, this manuscript presents a set of new original noise models which are helpful to get an estimate of how well a given set of hardware will perform in practice.
71 pages, 9 figures, 1 table
References in corpus (59)
- Quantum Cryptography
- The Security of Practical Quantum Key Distribution
- Gaussian Quantum Information
- Continuous variable quantum cryptography using coherent states
- Quantum key distribution using gaussian-modulated coherent states
- Distillation of secret key and entanglement from quantum states
- Experimental demonstration of long-distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Practical challenges in quantum key distribution
- Continuous variable quantum cryptography
- Unconditional optimality of Gaussian attacks against continuous-variable QKD
- Quantum key distribution over 25 km with an all-fiber continuous-variable system
- Quantum Cryptography without Switching
- Quantum cryptography with squeezed states
- Optimality of Gaussian Attacks in Continuous Variable Quantum Cryptography
- Finite-size analysis of continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Quantum Distribution of Gaussian Keys with Squeezed States
- Composable security proof for continuous-variable quantum key distribution with coherent states
- A de Finetti representation theorem for infinite dimensional quantum systems and applications to quantum cryptography
- Post-selection technique for quantum channels with applications to quantum cryptography
- Distributing Secret Keys with Quantum Continuous Variables: Principle, Security and Implementations
- Preventing Calibration Attacks on the Local Oscillator in Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- A Survey on Quantum Channel Capacities
- Extremality of Gaussian quantum states
- Long Distance Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with a Gaussian Modulation
- Security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution via a Gaussian de Finetti reduction
- Security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution against general attacks
- Direct and Reverse Secret-Key Capacities of a Quantum Channel
- Multidimensional reconciliation for continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Analysis of Imperfections in Practical Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Experimental study on Gaussian-modulated coherent states quantum key distribution over standard telecom fiber
- Local oscillator fluctuation opens a loophole for Eve in practical continuous-variable quantum-key-distribution systems
- Quantum Hacking on Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution System using a Wavelength Attack
- Reconciliation of a Quantum-Distributed Gaussian Key
- Characterization of Collective Gaussian Attacks and Security of Coherent-State Quantum Cryptography
- Continuous-variable quantum cryptography is secure against non-gaussian attacks
- Field test of a continuous-variable quantum key distribution prototype
- Quantum cryptography with a predetermined key, using continuous variable Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations
- Continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocols with a non-Gaussian modulation
- Collective attacks and unconditional security in continuous variable quantum key distribution
- Continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocols over noisy channels
- Wavelength attack on practical continuous-variable quantum-key-distribution system with a heterodyne protocol
- Quantum hacking: saturation attack on practical continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Quantum Cryptography Approaching the Classical Limit
- Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution using Thermal States
- Self-coherent phase reference sharing for continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Composability in quantum cryptography
- Trusted Noise in Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution: a Threat and a Defense
- Quantum Hacking on Quantum Key Distribution using Homodyne Detection
- Feasibility of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with noisy coherent states
- Long-distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution with efficient channel estimation
- Testing Quantum Devices: Practical Entanglement Verification in Bipartite Optical Systems
- A simple proof that Gaussian attacks are optimal among collective attacks against continuous-variable quantum key distribution with a Gaussian modulation
- Robust Shot Noise Measurement for Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Continuous-variable quantum key distribution with a leakage from state preparation
- Attacks on quantum key distribution protocols that employ non-ITS authentication
- Preventing side-channel effects in continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Robustness of quantum key distribution with discrete and continuous variables to channel noise
- Estimation of Output Channel Noise for Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- On the problem of non-zero word error rates for fixed-rate error correction codes in continuous variable quantum key distribution
Cited by in corpus (98)
- Advances in Quantum Cryptography
- Secure quantum key distribution with realistic devices
- Advances in Space Quantum Communications
- Continuous-variable quantum key distribution system: past, present, and future
- The Evolution of Quantum Secure Direct Communication: On the Road to the Qinternet
- Limits and Security of Free-Space Quantum Communications
- Practical continuous-variable quantum key distribution with composable security
- Feasibility of satellite-to-ground continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- High-speed Gaussian modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution with a local local oscillator based on pilot-tone-assisted phase compensation
- Continuous-mode quantum key distribution with digital signal processing
- Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution at 10 GBaud using an Integrated Photonic-Electronic Receiver
- Simulating realistic non-Gaussian state preparation
- Quantum Technologies in Space
- Finite-size security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with digital signal processing
- Pilot-assisted intradyne reception for high-speed continuous-variable quantum key distribution with true local oscillator
- Sub-Mbps key-rate continuous-variable quantum key distribution with local-local-oscillator over 100 km fiber
- Asymptotic security of discrete-modulation protocols for continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Experimental passive state preparation for continuous variable quantum communications
- High Rate CV-QKD Secured Mobile WDM Fronthaul for Dense 5G Radio Networks
- Phase Noise Model for Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution Using a Local Local Oscillator
- Discrete-modulation continuous-variable quantum key distribution enhanced by quantum scissors
- Multiple Access Multicarrier Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Feasibility Assessment For Practical Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution Over The Satellite-to-Earth Channel
- Practical security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with reduced optical attenuation
- Propagating Quantum Microwaves: Towards Applications in Communication and Sensing
- Reference Pulse Attack on Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Local Local Oscillator under trusted phase noise
- Experimental Demonstration of Discrete Modulation Formats for Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Provably-secure quantum randomness expansion with uncharacterised homodyne detection
- Multi-edge-type LDPC code design with G-EXIT charts for continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Discrete-modulation continuous-variable quantum key distribution with high key rate
- Optimizing Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Phase-Shift Keying Modulation and Postselection
- Tight Secure Key Rates for CV-QKD with 8PSK Modulation
- Experimental demonstration of Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with a silicon photonics integrated receiver
- Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution over 15 km Multi-Core Fiber
- Secret key distillation across a quantum wiretap channel under restricted eavesdropping
- Atmospheric effects on satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution using coherent states
- Degenerate Squeezing in Waveguides: A Unified Theoretical Approach
- Coherence assisted non-Gaussian measurement device independent quantum key distribution
- Theoretical analysis of quantum key distribution systems when integrated with a DWDM optical transport network
- Perspectives of microwave quantum key distribution in open-air
- Comparison of Discrete Variable and Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution Protocols with Phase Noise in the Thermal-Loss Channel
- Integrated quantum communication network and vibration sensing in optical fibers
- Continuous-variable quantum communication
- Optimization of intensity-modulation/direct-detection optical key distribution under passive eavesdropping
- Optimizing state-discrimination receivers for continuous-variable quantum key distribution over a wiretap channel
- Mitigation of Channel Tampering Attacks in Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Analysis of the trusted-device scenario in continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Continuous variable quantum key distribution with multi-mode signals for noisy detectors
- Maximum tolerable excess noise in continuous-variable quantum key distribution and improved lower bound on two-way capacities
- Continuous variable quantum teleportation using photon subtracted and photon added two mode squeezed coherent state
- Performance analysis for OFDM-based multi-carrier continuous-variable quantum key distribution with arbitrary modulation protocol
- Simple security proofs for continuous-variable quantum key distribution with intensity fluctuating sources
- Demonstration of microwave single-shot quantum key distribution
- Quantum Public Key Distribution using Randomized Glauber States
- Advances in Continuous Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution
- Secret key distillation over satellite-to-satellite free-space optics channel with a limited-sized aperture eavesdropper in the same plane of the legitimate receiver
- Use of a Local Local Oscillator for the Satellite-to-Earth Channel
- Integrated InP-based transmitter for Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- Advantages of the coherent state compared with squeeze state in unidimensional continuous variable quantum key distribution
- Continuous-variable quantum key distribution field-test with true local oscillator
- Homodyne Detection Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with High Excess Noise Tolerance
- Spectrally-Shaped Continuous-Variable QKD Operating at 500 MHz Over an Optical Pipe Lit by 11 DWDM Channels
- Entropic uncertainty relations and the measurement range problem, with consequences for high-dimensional quantum key distribution
- Optimised Multithreaded CV-QKD Reconciliation for Global Quantum Networks
- Photonic Engineering for CV-QKD over Earth-Satellite Channels
- Potential impact of CV-QKD integration on classical WDM network capacity
- Continuous-variable quantum key distribution over 50.4 km fiber using integrated silicon photonic transmitter and receiver
- Enhancement of nonclassical properties of two-mode squeezed vacuum state with postselected von Neumann measurement
- Continuous-variable quantum key distribution over multispan links employing phase-insensitive and phase-sensitive amplifiers
- Modelling Weak-Coherent CV-QKD Systems Using a Classical Simulation Framework
- LEO Clock Synchronization with Entangled Light
- Modeling Optical Key Distribution over a Satellite-to-Ground Link Under Weak Atmospheric Turbulence
- Long-distance free-space quantum key distribution with continuous variables
- An introductory review of the theory of continuous-variable quantum key distribution: Fundamentals, protocols, and security
- Flow of quantum correlations in noisy two-mode squeezed microwave states
- Fundamental limitations to key distillation from Gaussian states with Gaussian operations
- Quantum communications in continuous variable systems
- Continuous Variable Based Quantum Communication in the Ocean
- CV QKD with discretized modulations in the strong noise regime
- Uncertainty principle as post-quantum nonlocality witness for continuous variable multi-mode scenario
- Enhanced continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol via adaptive signal processing
- Fully passive quantum random number generation with untrusted light
- Quantum-secure multiparty deep learning
- Polarization agnostic continuous variable quantum key distribution
- Quantum Key Distribution with Imperfections: Recent Advances in Security Proofs
- Enhanced Simultaneous Quantum-Classical Communications Under Composable Security
- Quantum Wavefront Correction via Machine Learning for Satellite-to-Earth CV-QKD
- Security against collective attacks for a continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol using homodyne detection and postselection
- Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Single Quadrature Measurement at Arbitrary Reference Frame
- Realistic Threat Models for Fiber and Free-Space Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- No real advantage of photon subtraction and displacement in continuous variable measurement device independent quantum key distribution
- Noisy dynamics of Gaussian entanglement: a transient bound entangled phase before separability
- Enhanced Uplink Quantum Communication with Satellites via Downlink Channels
- Software-enhanced simultaneous quantum-classical communication protocol with Gaussian post-selection
- Enabling CV-MDI-QKD for low squeezed states using non-Gaussian operations
- Quantum-Aware Network Planning and Integration
- Asymmetry effects in homodyne and heterodyne measurements: Positive operator-valued measures and asymptotic security of Gaussian-continuous-variable quantum key distribution
- Quantum Key Distribution: Bridging Theoretical Security Proofs, Practical Attacks, and Error Correction for Quantum-Augmented Networks