Optically Polarized ${}^3$He

Abstract

This article reviews the physics and technology of producing large quantities of highly spin-polarized, or hyperpolarized, ${}^3$He nuclei using spin-exchange (SEOP) and metastability-exchange (MEOP) optical pumping, and surveys applications of polarized ${}^3$He. Several recent developments are emphasized for each method. For SEOP, the use of spectrally narrowed lasers and Rb/K mixtures has substantially increased the achievable polarization and polarizing rate. MEOP in high magnetic fields has likewise significantly increased the pressure at which this method can be performed, and has led to the observation of a light-induced relaxation mechanism. In both methods the increased capabilities have led to more extensive study and modeling of the basic underlying physics. New unexplained dependences of relaxation on temperature and magnetic field have been discovered in SEOP cells. Applications of both methods are also reviewed, including targets for charged particle and photon beams, neutron spin filters, magnetic resonance imaging, and precision measurements.

68 pages, 25 figures, to appear in Reviews of Modern Physics. The introduction has be rewritten, plus changes in response to referee comments

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Cited by in corpus (52)

• Equilibrium mechanisms of self-limiting assembly
• Quantum limits to the energy resolution of magnetic field sensors
• NASDUCK: New Constraints on Axion-like Dark Matter from Floquet Quantum Detector
• Constraints on axion-like dark matter from a SERF comagnetometer
• Floquet maser
• Strong coupling of alkali spins to noble-gas spins with hour-long coherence time
• Long-lived entanglement generation of nuclear spins using coherent light
• Development and application of a ${}^3$He Neutron Spin Filter at J-PARC
• Quantum interface for noble-gas spins based on spin-exchange collisions
• Quantum Dynamics of Collective Spin States in a Thermal Gas
• Nuclear spin squeezing in Helium-3 by continuous quantum nondemolition measurement
• Coupling light to a nuclear spin gas with a two-photon linewidth of five millihertz
• Spin polarized proton beam generation from gas-jet targets by intense laser pulses
• Measurement of the 3He Spin-Structure Functions and of Neutron (3He) Spin-Dependent Sum Rules at 0.035<Q^2<0.24 GeV^2
• QED effects on the nuclear magnetic shielding of ${}^3$He
• Optical quantum memory for noble-gas spins based on spin-exchange collisions
• Frequency shifts in noble-gas magnetometers
• Spin-squeezed states for metrology
• Confined nano-NMR spectroscopy using NV centers
• Searches for exotic spin-dependent interactions with spin sensors
• High-precision determination of the frequency-shift enhancement factor in Rb-${}^{129}$Xe
• Measurement of the absolute neutron beam polarization from a supermirror polarizer and the absolute efficiency of a neutron spin rotator for the NPDGamma experiment using a polarized ${}^3$He neutron spin-filter
• Enhanced Polarization of Low Pressure ${}^3$He through Metastability-Exchange Optical Pumping at High Field
• Gaseous ${}^3$He Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Probe for Cryogenic Environments
• Zero-field spin noise spectrum of an alkali vapor with strong spin-exchange coupling
• Geometrical optimization of spin clusters for the preservation of quantum coherence
• A modular apparatus for use in high-precision measurements of parity violation in polarized eV neutron transmission`
• Suppressing the Decoherence of Alkali-Metal Spins at Low Magnetic Fields
• Nuclear spin relaxation in cold atom-molecule collisions
• Nuclear hyperpolarization of 3He by magnetized plasmas
• Enhanced coupling of electron and nuclear spins by quantum tunneling resonances
• Magnetic-field-independent spin-exchange relaxation-free magnetometer
• Neutron Polarimetry Using a Polarized 3He Cell for the aCORN Experiment
• A Concept for Polarized ${}^3$He Targets for High Luminosity Scattering Experiments in High Magnetic Field Environments
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• Self-driven Hybrid Atomic Spin Oscillator
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• Extended Kalman Smoothing of Free Spin Precession Signals for Accurate Magnetic Field Determination
• Optimal Strategies for Optical Quantum Memories Using Long-Lived Noble-Gas Spins
• Deterministic nuclear spin squeezing and squeezing by continuous measurement using vector and tensor light shifts
• Nuclear Spin Squeezing Based on Spin-Exchange Collisions
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• Semiclassical Spin Exchange via Temperature-Dependent Transition States
• The Benefits of Spin Polarization for Inertial and Magneto-Inertial Fusion Propulsion
• Highly spin-polarized molecules via collisional microwave pumping