On the Newtonian and Spin-induced Perturbations felt by the Stars Orbiting around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center

Abstract

The S-stars discovered in the Galactic center (GC) are expected to provide unique dynamical tests of the Kerr metric of the massive black hole (MBH) orbited by them. In order to obtain unbiased measurements of its spin and the related relativistic effects, a comprehensive understanding of the gravitational perturbations of the stars and stellar remnants around the MBH is quite essential. Here, we study the perturbations on the observables of a typical target star, i.e., the apparent orbital motion and the redshift, due to both the spin-induced relativistic effects and the Newtonian attractions of a single or a cluster of disturbing object(s). We find that, in most cases, the Newtonian perturbations on the observables are mainly attributed to the perturbed orbital period of the target star, rather than the Newtonian orbital precessions. The Newtonian perturbations have their unique features when they peak around the pericenter passage in each revolution, which is quite different from those of the spin-induced effects. Looking at the currently detected star S2/S0-2, we find that its spin-induced effects on both the image position and redshift are very likely obscured by the gravitational perturbations from the star S0-102 alone. We also investigate and discuss the Newtonian perturbations on a hypothetical S-star located inside the orbits of the currently detected ones. By considering a number of possible stellar distributions near the central MBH, we find that the spin-induced effects on the apparent position and the redshift dominate over the stellar perturbations for target stars with orbital semimajor axis smaller than $100-400$AU if the MBH is maximally spinning. Our results suggest that, in principle, the stellar perturbations can be removed as they have distinctive morphologies comparing to those of the relativistic Kerr-type signatures.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (50)

• Monitoring stellar orbits around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center
• Measuring Distance and Properties of the Milky Way's Central Supermassive Black Hole with Stellar Orbits
• The Galactic Center Massive Black Hole and Nuclear Star Cluster
• Coalescing binary systems of compact objects to (post)$^{5/2}-Newtonian order. V. Spin Effects
• The Two Young Star Disks in the Central Parsec of the Galaxy: Properties, Dynamics and Formation
• Rates of tidal disruption of stars by massive central black holes
• Ejection of hypervelocity stars by the (binary) black hole(s) in the Galactic center
• Resonant Relaxation in Stellar Systems
• An Extremely Top-Heavy IMF in the Galactic Center Stellar Disks
• The nuclear star cluster of the Milky Way: proper motions and mass
• Testing the general relativistic ''no-hair'' theorems using the galactic center black hole SgrA*
• The effect of mass-segregation on gravitational wave sources near massive black holes
• Stellar remnants in galactic nuclei: mass segregation
• Strong mass segregation around a massive black hole
• The Shortest Known Period Star Orbiting our Galaxy's Supermassive Black Hole
• Testing Properties of the Galactic Center Black Hole Using Stellar Orbits
• Prospects for Probing the Spacetime of Sgr A* with Pulsars
• The need for a second black hole at the Galactic center
• High angular resolution integral-field spectroscopy of the Galaxy's nuclear cluster: a missing stellar cusp?
• A Quantitative Test of the No-Hair Theorem with Sgr A* using stars, pulsars, and the Event Horizon Telescope
• Probing the Spacetime Around Sgr A* with Radio Pulsars
• Stellar Dynamics at the Galactic Center with an Extremely Large Telescope
• Stellar Dynamics of Extreme-Mass-Ratio Inspirals
• Sgr A* and General Relativity
• The distribution of stars near the super-massive black hole in the Galactic Center
• Stellar Populations in the Central 0.5 pc of the Galaxy I: A New Method for Constructing Luminosity Functions and Surface-Density Profiles
• Dynamical evolution of the young stars in the Galactic center: N-body simulations of the S-stars
• Perturbations of Intermediate-mass Black Holes on Stellar Orbits in the Galactic Center
• A New Secular Instability of Eccentric Stellar Disks Around Supermassive Black Holes, with Application to the Galactic Center
• Perturbed stellar motions around the rotating black hole in Sgr A* for a generic orientation of its spin axis
• Red giant stellar collisions in the Galactic Centre
• Secular Stellar Dynamics near a Massive Black Hole
• 3D stellar kinematics at the Galactic center: measuring the nuclear star cluster spatial density profile, black hole mass, and distance
• Testing the black hole no-hair theorem at the galactic center: Perturbing effects of stars in the surrounding cluster
• On post-Newtonian orbits and the Galactic-center stars
• Reconstruction of Stellar Orbits Close to Sagittarius A*: Possibilities for Testing General Relativity
• On Testing the Kerr Metric of the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center via Stellar Orbital Motion: Full General Relativistic Treatment
• S-stars in the Galactic center and hypervelocity stars in the Galactic halo: two faces of the tidal breakup of stellar binaries by the central massive black hole?
• Long-term classical and general relativistic effects on the radial velocities of the stars orbiting Sgr A*
• The Galactic Centre star S2 as a dynamical probe for intermediate-mass black holes
• Towards relativistic orbit fitting of Galactic center stars and pulsars
• Binary Disruption by Massive Black Holes: Hypervelocity Stars, S Stars, and Tidal Disruption Events
• Relativistic redshift effects and the Galactic-center stars
• Prospects for constraining the spin of the massive black hole at the Galactic center via the relativistic motion of a surrounding star
• On the Existence of Pulsars in the Vicinity of the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center
• Galactic-center S-Stars as a prospective test of the Einstein Equivalence Principle
• Clocks around Sgr A*
• The Influence of Gas Dynamics on Measuring the Properties of the Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way with Stellar Orbits and Pulsars
• Exact expressions for the pericenter precession caused by some Dark Matter distributions and constraints on them from orbital motions in the Solar System, in the double pulsar and in the Galactic center
• Deviation of Stellar Orbits from Test Particle Trajectories Around Sgr A* Due to Tides and Winds

Cited by in corpus (17)

• Detection of the Schwarzschild precession in the orbit of the star S2 near the Galactic centre massive black hole
• Fundamental Physics with the Square Kilometre Array
• Investigating the Relativistic Motion of the Stars Near the Supermassive Black Hole in the Galactic Center
• General relativistic effects on the orbit of the S2 star with GRAVITY
• Scalar field effects on the orbit of S2 star
• What stellar orbit is needed to measure the spin of the Galactic center black hole from astrometric data?
• Detection of faint stars near SgrA* with GRAVITY
• Deep Images of the Galactic Center with GRAVITY
• Probing the spinning of the massive black hole in the Galactic Center via pulsar timing: A Full Relativistic Treatment
• Post-Keplerian effects on radial velocity in binary systems and the possibility of measuring General Relativity with the S2 star in 2018
• On the post-Keplerian corrections to the orbital periods of a two-body system and their application to the Galactic Center
• The short-period S-stars S4711, S62, S4714 and the Lense-Thirring effect due to the spin of Sgr A${}^{\ast }$
• Perspectives on constraining a cosmological constant-type parameter with pulsar timing in the Galactic Center
• Is it possible to measure the Lense-Thirring orbital shifts of the short-period S-star S4716 orbiting Sgr A${}^{\ast }$?
• A detailed first-order post-Newtonian analysis of massive Brans-Dicke theories: numerical constraints and the $\beta$ parameter meaning
• Radial Velocity Measurements of an Orbiting Star Around Sgr A*
• Impact of a granular mass distribution on the orbit of S2 in the Galactic center