Softening of Roton and Phonon Modes in a Bose-Einstein Condensate with Spin-Orbit Coupling
arXiv:1408.1755 · doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.105301
Abstract
Roton-type excitations usually emerge from strong correlations or long-range interactions, as in superfluid helium or dipolar ultracold atoms. However, in weakly short-range interacting quantum gas, the recently synthesized spin-orbit (SO) coupling can lead to various unconventional phases of superfluidity, and give rise to an excitation spectrum of roton-maxon character. Using Bragg spectroscopy we study a SO coupled Bose-Einstein condensate of Rb atoms, and show that the excitation spectrum in a "magnetized" phase clearly possesses a two-branch and roton-maxon structure. As Raman coupling strength is decreased, a roton-mode softening is observed, as a precursor of the phase transition to a stripe phase that spontaneously breaks spatially translational symmetry. The measured roton gaps agree well with theoretical calculations. Further, we determine sound velocities both in the magnetized and the non-magnetized phase, and a phonon-mode softening is observed around the phase transition in between. The validity of the -sum rule is examined.
arXiv comment5 pages, 4 figures
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