The origin of galactic cosmic rays

Abstract

Initial discovery of CRs dates back to a century ago (1912). Their identification as particles rather than radiation dates to about 20 years later and in 20 more years also the first suggestion that they were associated with SNRs was in place. The basic mechanism behind their acceleration was suggested almost 40 years ago. Much work has been done since then to the aim of proving that both the acceleration mechanism and site are well understood, but no definite proof has been obtained: in spite of impressive progress of both theory and observations, the evidence in support of the commonly accepted interpretation is only circumstantial. In the following I will try to make the point on where we stand in terms of how our theories confront with data: I will review recent progress on the subject and try to point to avenues to pursue in order to gather new proofs, if not smoking gun evidence of the origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays.

Invited Review for International Journal of Modern Physics D, 43 pages, 16 figures

References in corpus (81)

• Observation of an anomalous positron abundance in the cosmic radiation
• PAMELA Measurements of Cosmic-ray Proton and Helium Spectra
• Detection of the Characteristic Pion-Decay Signature in Supernova Remnants
• Birth and Evolution of Isolated Radio Pulsars
• The Velocity Distribution of Isolated Radio Pulsars
• The Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays
• Simulations of Ion Acceleration at Non-relativistic Shocks. I. Acceleration Efficiency
• High-energy particle acceleration in the shell of a supernova remnant
• Supernova remnants: the X-ray perspective
• Discrepant hardening observed in cosmic-ray elemental spectra
• Magnetic Field Amplification in Tycho and other Shell-type Supernova Remnants
• Cosmic Ray Acceleration at the Forward Shock in Tycho's Supernova Remnant: Evidence from Chandra X-ray Observations
• Cosmic ray acceleration and escape from supernova remnants
• Strong evidences of hadron acceleration in Tycho's Supernova Remnant
• Spectral breaks as a signature of cosmic ray induced turbulence in the Galaxy
• Observations of the young supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946 with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Modeling the spectral evolution of PWNe inside SNRs
• Observation of Supernova Remnant IC443 with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Neutral pion emission from accelerated protons in the supernova remnant W44
• A Physical Relationship Between Electron-Proton Temperature Equilibration and Mach Number in Fast Collisionless Shocks
• Measurements of cosmic-ray secondary nuclei at high energies with the first flight of the CREAM balloon-borne experiment
• On the role of injection in kinetic approaches to nonlinear particle acceleration at non-relativistic shock waves
• A kinetic approach to cosmic ray induced streaming instability at supernova shocks
• CRDB: a database of charged cosmic rays
• Models of the Knee in the Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays
• Diffusive propagation of cosmic rays from supernova remnants in the Galaxy. II: anisotropy
• Non linear particle acceleration at non-relativistic shock waves in the presence of self-generated turbulence
• Non-linear Study of Bell's Cosmic Ray Current-driven Instability
• Measuring the cosmic ray acceleration efficiency of a supernova remnant
• Testing the Origin of High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• Efficient cosmic ray acceleration, hydrodynamics, and Self-consistent Thermal X-ray Emission applied to SNR RX J1713.7-3946
• Diffusive propagation of cosmic rays from supernova remnants in the Galaxy. I: spectrum and chemical composition
• Diffusive shock acceleration and magnetic field amplification
• A semi-analytical approach to non-linear shock acceleration
• Astrophysical models for the origin of the positron "excess"
• Production of Magnetic Turbulence by Cosmic Rays Drifting Upstream of Supernova Remnant Shocks
• The blast wave of Tycho's supernova remnant
• Large-Scale Sidereal Anisotropy of Galactic Cosmic-Ray Intensity Observed by the Tibet Air Shower Array
• Dynamical Feedback of Self-generated Magnetic Fields in Cosmic Ray Modified Shocks
• A general solution to non-linear particle acceleration at non-relativistic shock waves
• Gamma ray emission from SNR RX J1713.7-3946 and the origin of galactic cosmic rays
• The contribution of supernova remnants to the galactic cosmic ray spectrum
• Cosmic-ray acceleration in supernova remnants: non-linear theory revised
• Direct Evidence for Hadronic Cosmic-Ray Acceleration in the Supernova Renmant IC 443
• Balmer-Dominated Shocks: A Concise Review
• Relativistic MHD simulations of pulsar bow-shock nebulae
• On the escape of particles from cosmic ray modified shocks
• X-ray synchrotron emission from supernova remnants
• Modeling Bell's Non-resonant Cosmic Ray Instability
• The maximum momentum of particles accelerated at cosmic ray modified shocks
• Cosmic ray acceleration in young supernova remnants
• $e^{\pm }$ Excesses in the Cosmic Ray Spectrum and Possible Interpretations
• Cosmic-ray-induced filamentation instability in collisionless shocks
• Microphysics of cosmic ray driven plasma instabilities
• Collisionless shocks in a partially ionized medium: I. Neutral return flux and its effects on acceleration of test particles
• Non-linear diffusive shock acceleration with free escape boundary
• Cosmic-ray current driven turbulence in shocks with efficient particle acceleration: the oblique, long-wavelength mode instability
• Dynamical effects of self-generated magnetic fields in cosmic ray modified shocks
• Turbulence Dissipation and Particle Injection in Non-Linear Diffusive Shock Acceleration with Magnetic Field Amplification
• Propagation of galactic cosmic rays in the presence of self-generated turbulence
• Low-energy break in the spectrum of Galactic cosmic rays
• Proton-Helium Spectral Anomaly as a Signature of Cosmic Ray Accelerator
• Spectrum and Anisotropy of Cosmic Rays at TeV-PeV-energies and Contribution of Nearby Sources
• Two-Dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of the nonresonant, cosmic-ray driven instability in SNR shocks
• Cosmic Ray History and its Implications for Galactic Magnetic Fields
• Deriving the cosmic ray spectrum from gamma-ray observations
• Cosmic-Ray Acceleration Efficiency vs Temperature Equilibration: the Case of SNR 0509-67.5
• Collisionless shock in a partially ionized medium. II. Balmer emission
• Magnetic fields in cosmic particle acceleration sources
• An Integral View of Fast Shocks around Supernova 1006
• Radio Polarization Observations of G319.9-0.7: A Bow-shock Nebula with an Azimuthal Magnetic Field Powered by Pulsar J1509-5850
• A Radio Study of the Mouse, G359.23--0.82
• Diffusive Shock Acceleration in Oblique MHD Shocks: Comparison with Monte Carlo Methods and Observations
• Spectra of magnetic fluctuations and relativistic particles produced by a nonresonant wave instability in supernova remnant shocks
• Hadronic versus leptonic origin of the gamma-ray emission from Supernova Remnant RX J1713.7-3946
• Broad Balmer line emission and cosmic ray acceleration efficiency in supernova remnant shocks
• The influence of the Alfvénic drift on the shape of cosmic ray spectra in SNRs
• Cosmic Ray acceleration and Balmer emission from SNR 0509-67.5
• Cosmic Ray acceleration and Balmer emission from RCW 86 (G315.4-2.3)
• The Contribution of Different Supernova Populations to the Galactic Gamma-Ray Background
• Penetrating Radiation at the Surface of and in Water

Cited by in corpus (64)

• Cosmic Ray Transport in the Galaxy: a Review
• Nonthermal particles and photons in starburst regions and superbubbles
• Cosmic-ray transport from AMS-02 B/C data: benchmark models and interpretation
• On the cosmic ray spectrum from type II Supernovae expanding in their red giant presupernova wind
• High-energy particles and radiation in star-forming regions
• The low rate of Galactic pevatrons
• The Hunt for Pevatrons: The Case of Supernova Remnants
• Cosmic ray production in supernovae
• Grammage of cosmic rays around Galactic supernova remnants
• Ultrahard spectra of PeV neutrinos from supernovae in compact star clusters
• Exploration of Cosmic Ray Acceleration in Protostellar Accretion Shocks and A Model for Ionization Rates in Embedded Protoclusters
• ASTRI Mini-Array Core Science at the Observatorio del Teide
• Spectrally resolved cosmic ray hydrodynamics -- I. Spectral scheme
• The future of gamma-ray astronomy
• Realistic modeling of wind and supernovae shocks in star clusters: addressing ${}^{22}\mathrm{Ne}{/}^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ and other problems in Galactic cosmic rays
• Atomic and Ionized Microstructures in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium
• Parameter estimation of superdiffusive motion of energetic particles upstream of heliospheric shocks
• Trapping of cosmic rays in MHD turbulence
• Diffuse γ-ray emission from self-confined cosmic rays around Galactic sources
• High energy cosmic ray self-confinement close to extragalactic sources
• On particle acceleration and transport in plasmas in the Galaxy: theory and observations
• Imaging of SNR IC443 and W44 with the Sardinia Radio Telescope at 1.5 GHz and 7 GHz
• Time-dependent high-energy gamma-ray signal from accelerated particles in core-collapse supernovae: the case of SN 1993J
• X-ray polarimetry reveals the magnetic field topology on sub-parsec scales in Tycho's supernova remnant
• The impact of astrophysical dust grains on the confinement of cosmic rays
• The supernova remnant SN 1006 as a Galactic particle accelerator
• Cosmic rays from supernova remnants and superbubbles
• Giant cosmic ray halos around M31 and the Milky Way
• Supernovae in compact star clusters as sources of high-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos
• Prospects for CTA observations of the young SNR RX J1713.7-3946
• Uncovering magnetic turbulence in young supernova remnants with polarized X-ray imaging
• Transport of Protostellar Cosmic Rays in Turbulent Dense Cores
• The LHAASO PeVatron bright sky: what we learned
• Particle Acceleration in Mildly Relativistic Outflows of Fast Energetic Transient Sources
• New high-frequency radio observations of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant with the Italian radio telescopes
• Gamma-ray halos around pulsars: impact on pulsar wind physics and galactic cosmic ray transport
• Discovery of a shock-compressed magnetic field in the north-western rim of the young supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946 with X-ray polarimetry
• Gamma rays from reaccelerated particles at supernova remnant shocks
• Galactic Observatory Science with the ASTRI Mini-Array at the Observatorio del Teide
• Nuclear de-excitation lines as a probe of low-energy cosmic rays
• High Energy Cosmic Rays From Supernovae
• Interpretation of flat energy spectra upstream of fast interplanetary shocks
• The Important Role of Cosmic-Ray Re-Acceleration
• High-energy cosmic rays from compact galactic star clusters: particle fluxes and anisotropy
• X-ray polarization: A view deep inside cosmic ray driven turbulence and particle acceleration in supernova remnants
• Energetic particle dynamics in a simplified model of a solar wind magnetic switchback
• Deep learning techniques for Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes
• Ultrarelativistic generalized Lorentzian thermodynamics and the differential cosmic ray energy flux
• Implications of a Possible Spectral Structure of Cosmic-ray Protons Unveiled by the DAMPE
• Exploring the high energy frontiers of the Milky Way with ground-based gamma-ray astronomy: PeVatrons and the quest for the origin of Galactic cosmic-rays
• Signatures of Recent Cosmic-Ray Acceleration in the High-Latitude $\gamma$-Ray Sky
• Enhancement of the non-resonant streaming instability by particle collisions
• The Orion Region: Evidence of enhanced cosmic-ray density in a stellar wind forward shock interaction with a high density shell
• Temporal signatures of the Cherenkov light induced by extensive air showers of cosmic rays detected with the Yakutsk array
• Search for the Galactic accelerators of Cosmic-Rays up to the Knee with the Pevatron Test Statistic
• Progenitor model of Cosmic Ray knee
• Constraining the production of cosmic rays by pulsars
• Probing maximum energy of cosmic rays in SNR through gamma rays and neutrinos from the molecular clouds around SNR W28
• On the cosmic ray spectrum from type II Supernovae
• Interplay between the non-resonant streaming instability and self-generated pressure anisotropies
• The expected potential of hadronic PeVatron searches with spectral $\gamma$-ray data from the Southern Wide-field Gamma-ray Observatory
• Acoustic instability at shock-wave precursors
• The self-control of Cosmic Rays
• Young Massive Star Clusters as TeV Emitters: Constraints from H.E.S.S. and LHAASO