Observation of grand-canonical number statistics in a photon Bose-Einstein condensate

Abstract

We report measurements of particle number correlations and fluctuations of a photon Bose-Einstein condensate in a dye microcavity using a Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment. The photon gas is coupled to a reservoir of molecular excitations, which serve both as heat bath and particle reservoir to realize grand-canonical conditions. For large reservoirs, we observe strong number fluctuations of order of the total particle number extending deep into the condensed phase. Our results demonstrate that Bose-Einstein condensation under grand-canonical ensemble conditions does not imply second-order coherence.

11 pages, 4 figures

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• Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity
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• Statistical physics of Bose-Einstein condensed light in a dye microcavity
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