The Phoenix Project: the Dark Side of Rich Galaxy Clusters

Abstract

[abridged] We introduce the Phoenix Project, a set of $\Lambda$CDM simulations of the dark matter component of nine rich galaxy clusters. Each cluster is simulated at least at two different numerical resolutions. For eight of them, the highest resolution corresponds to $\sim 130$ million particles within the virial radius, while for one this number is over one billion. We study the structure and substructure of these systems and contrast them with six galaxy-sized dark matter haloes from the Aquarius Project, simulated at comparable resolution. This comparison highlights the approximate mass invariance of CDM halo structure and substructure. We find little difference in the spherically-averaged mass, pseudo-phase-space density, and velocity anisotropy profiles of Aquarius and Phoenix haloes. When scaled to the virial properties of the host halo, the abundance and radial distribution of subhaloes are also very similar, despite the fact that Aquarius and Phoenix haloes differ by roughly three decades in virial mass. The most notable difference is that cluster haloes have been assembled more recently and are thus significantly less relaxed than galaxy haloes, which leads to decreased regularity, increased halo-to-halo scatter and sizable deviations from the mean trends. This accentuates the effects of the strong asphericity of individual clusters on surface density profiles, which may vary by up to a factor of three at a given radius, depending on projection. The high apparent concentration reported for some strong-lensing clusters might very well reflect these effects. A more recent assembly also explains why substructure in some Phoenix haloes is slightly more abundant than in Aquarius, especially in the inner regions. Resolved subhaloes nevertheless contribute only $11\pm 3$ of the virial mass in Phoenix clusters. .

18 pages, 17 figs. Accepted to MNRAS. Contend expanded. Full resolution version can be found at http://ccg.bao.ac.cn/~gao/Phoenix/paper.pdf

References in corpus (14)

• The redshift dependence of the structure of massive LCDM halos
• The Tidal Evolution of Local Group Dwarf Spheroidals
• A blueprint for detecting supersymmetric dark matter in the Galactic halo
• Combined strong and weak lensing analysis of 28 clusters from the Sloan Giant Arcs Survey
• The Unorthodox Orbits of Substructure Halos
• The Dark Matter Annihilation Signal from Galactic Substructure: Predictions for GLAST
• Modelling galaxy clustering in a high resolution simulation of structure formation
• The X-Ray Concentration-Virial Mass Relation
• A Statistical Study of Weak Lensing by Triaxial Dark Matter Halos: Consequences for Parameter Estimation
• The survival of dark matter halos in the cluster Cl0024+16
• The statistics of the subhalo abundance of dark matter haloes
• Cross-correlation Weak Lensing of SDSS Galaxy Clusters III: Mass-to-light Ratios
• Substructure in lensing clusters and simulations
• CLASH: Discovery of a Bright z~6.2 Dwarf Galaxy Quadruply Lensed by MACS J0329.6-0211

Cited by in corpus (154)

• Theoretical Challenges in Galaxy Formation
• Detection of lensing substructure using ALMA observations of the dusty galaxy SDP.81
• The Density Profiles of Massive, Relaxed Galaxy Clusters. II. Separating Luminous and Dark Matter in Cluster Cores
• CLASH: Weak-Lensing Shear-and-Magnification Analysis of 20 Galaxy Clusters
• The Density Profiles of Massive, Relaxed Galaxy Clusters. I. The Total Density Over Three Decades in Radius
• The galaxy cluster mass scale and its impact on cosmological constraints from the cluster population
• LoCuSS: The slow quenching of star formation in cluster galaxies and the need for pre-processing
• Halo and Subhalo Demographics with Planck Cosmological Parameters: Bolshoi-Planck and MultiDark-Planck Simulations
• Inference of the Cold Dark Matter substructure mass function at z=0.2 using strong gravitational lenses
• Large-scale dark matter simulations
• LoCuSS: Weak-lensing mass calibration of galaxy clusters
• The MUSIC of CLASH: predictions on the concentration-mass relation
• A unified model for the spatial and mass distribution of subhaloes
• A Universe of Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies: Theoretical Predictions from $\Lambda$CDM Simulations
• Baryonic impact on the dark matter distribution in Milky Way-size galaxies and their satellites
• LoCuSS: The Mass Density Profile of Massive Galaxy Clusters at z=0.2
• Sensitivity Projections for Dark Matter Searches with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• How well can cold-dark-matter substructures account for the observed radio flux-ratio anomalies?
• A new way of setting the phases for cosmological multi-scale Gaussian initial conditions
• The Three-Dimensional Shapes of Galaxy Clusters
• The Dependence of Subhalo Abundance on Halo Concentration
• On the Cluster Physics of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich and X-ray Surveys III: Measurement Biases and Cosmological Evolution of Gas and Stellar Mass Fractions
• The Copernicus Complexio: a high-resolution view of the small-scale Universe
• The effect of baryons on the inner density profiles of rich clusters
• Not too big, not too small: the dark halos of the dwarf spheroidals in the Milky Way
• The Growth in Size and Mass of Cluster Galaxies since z=2
• Hunting for Galaxies and Halos in simulations with VELOCIraptor
• Numerical convergence of simulations of galaxy formation: the abundance and internal structure of cold dark matter haloes
• Strong lensing models of eight CLASH clusters from extensive spectroscopy: accurate total mass reconstructions in the cores
• Subaru Weak-Lensing Survey of Dark Matter Subhalos in the Coma Cluster : Subhalo Mass Function and Statistical Properties
• An adaptively refined phase-space element method for cosmological simulations and collisionless dynamics
• Constraints on the identity of the dark matter from strong gravitational lenses
• Substructure and galaxy formation in the Copernicus Complexio warm dark matter simulations
• Ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Auriga simulations
• Earth-mass haloes and the emergence of NFW density profiles
• \textsc{The Three Hundred} project: The \textsc{Gizmo-Simba} run
• Mass distribution in the core of MACS J1206: robust modeling from an exceptionally large sample of central multiple images
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XIII. The Luminosity and Mass Function of Galaxies in the Core of the Virgo Cluster and the Contribution from Disrupted Satellites
• The tidal evolution of dark matter substructure -- II. The impact of artificial disruption on subhalo mass functions and radial profiles
• Search for extended gamma-ray emission from the Virgo galaxy cluster with Fermi-LAT
• Disruption of satellite galaxies in simulated groups and clusters: the roles of accretion time, baryons, and pre-processing
• Universality of dark matter haloes shape over six decades in mass: Insights from the Millennium XXL and SBARBINE simulations
• The surprising accuracy of isothermal Jeans modelling of self-interacting dark matter density profiles
• Baryonic and dark matter distribution in cosmological simulations of spiral galaxies
• Statistics of Dark Matter Substructure: III. Halo-to-Halo Variance
• Halo Substructure Boosts to the Signatures of Dark Matter Annihilation
• Probing the nature of dark matter by forward modeling flux ratios in strong gravitational lenses
• Growth of brightest cluster galaxies via mergers since z = 1
• SURFS: Riding the waves with Synthetic UniveRses For Surveys
• Rhapsody. I. Structural Properties and Formation History From a Statistical Sample of Re-simulated Cluster-size Halos
• Numerical resolution limits on subhalo abundance matching
• On the shape of dark matter halos from MultiDark Planck simulations
• Dark matter substructure modelling and sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array to Galactic dark halos
• Orientation Bias of Optically Selected Galaxy Clusters and Its Impact on Stacked Weak Lensing Analyses
• Symphony: Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation Suites over Four Decades of Host Halo Mass
• Modeling dark matter subhalos in a constrained galaxy: Global mass and boosted annihilation profiles
• The Stellar Populations of Two Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies from Optical and Near-infrared Photometry
• Search for a gamma-ray line feature from a group of nearby Galaxy clusters with Fermi LAT Pass 8 data
• LoCuSS: The infall of X-ray groups onto massive clusters
• Constraints on Dark Matter Annihilation in Clusters of Galaxies from Diffuse Radio Emission
• Growing a `Cosmic Beast': Observations and Simulations of MACS J0717.5+3745
• Rhapsody. II. Subhalo Properties and the Impact of Tidal Stripping From a Statistical Sample of Cluster-Size Halos
• Search for Gamma-Ray Lines towards Galaxy Clusters with the Fermi-LAT
• SIBELIUS-DARK: a galaxy catalogue of the Local Volume from a constrained realisation simulation
• Shapley Supercluster Survey (ShaSS): Galaxy Evolution from Filaments to Cluster Cores
• Realistic estimation for the detectability of dark matter sub-halos with Fermi-LAT
• Bounds on dark matter interpretation of Fermi-LAT GeV excess
• The probability of galaxy-galaxy strong lensing events in hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters
• The inner dark matter distribution of the Cosmic Horseshoe (J1148+1930) with gravitational lensing and dynamics
• The Isotropic Radio Background and Annihilating Dark Matter
• Model-Free Multi-Probe Lensing Reconstruction of Cluster Mass Profiles
• Measuring the slopes of mass profiles for dwarf spheroidals in triaxial CDM potentials
• Pre-processing, group accretion and the orbital trajectories of associated subhaloes
• Measuring subhalo mass in redMaPPer clusters with CFHT Stripe 82 Survey
• The phase-space structure of tidally stripped halos
• Testing phenomenological and theoretical models of dark matter density profiles with galaxy clusters
• Velocity Dispersions of Brightest Cluster Galaxies and Their Host Clusters
• Structure and substructure analysis of DAFT/FADA galaxy clusters in the [0.4-0.9] redshift range
• Streams Going Notts: The tidal debris finder comparison project
• Detecting Dark Matter Cores in Galaxy Clusters with Strong Lensing
• Quantifying the Line-of-Sight Halo Contribution to the Dark Matter Convergence Power Spectrum from Strong Gravitational Lenses
• Dark Matter Massive Fermions and Einasto Profiles in Galactic Haloes
• On the Cluster Physics of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich and X-ray Surveys IV: Characterizing Density and Pressure Clumping due to Infalling Substructures
• The optimal gravitational softening length for cosmological N-body simulations
• Understanding the nature of luminous red galaxies (LRGs): Connecting LRGs to central and satellite subhalos
• Constraining the substructure of dark matter haloes with galaxy-galaxy lensing
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. IX. Estimating the Efficiency of Galaxy Formation on the Lowest-Mass Scales
• The flat density profiles of massive, and relaxed galaxy clusters
• Cluster Mergers and the Origin of the ARCADE-2 Excess
• From the core to the outskirts: structure analysis of three massive galaxy clusters
• Subhalo accretion through filaments
• A Search for Satellite Galaxies of Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies with Resolved Stars in LBT-SONG
• Strongly lensed cluster substructures are not in tension with $\Lambda$CDM
• Satellite mass functions and the faint end of the galaxy mass-halo mass relation in LCDM
• Lensing Model of MACS J1149.5+2223 - I. Cluster mass reconstruction
• ZOMG III: The effect of Halo Assembly on the Satellite Population
• Prompt cusp formation from the gravitational collapse of peaks in the initial cosmological density field
• Illuminating Dark Matter Halo Density Profiles Without Subhaloes
• On the Origin of Flux Ratio Anomaly in Quadruple Lens Systems
• The Last Journey. I. An Extreme-Scale Simulation on the Mira Supercomputer
• Cosmic ray $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ spectrum excess and peak feature observed by the DAMPE experiment from dark matter
• Central Mass Profiles of the Nearby Cool-core Galaxy Clusters Hydra A and A478
• The distribution of faint satellites around central galaxies in the CFHT Legacy Survey
• The galaxy-galaxy strong lensing cross-sections of simulated LCDM galaxy clusters
• Cold versus Warm Dark Matter simulations of a galaxy group
• Assembly history of subhalo populations in galactic and cluster sized dark haloes
• Effects of center offset and noise on weak-lensing derived concentration-mass relation of dark matter halos
• The MIP Ensemble Simulation: Local Ensemble Statistics in the Cosmic Web
• Mass and size growth of early-type galaxies by dry mergers in cluster environments
• Noiseless Gravitational Lensing Simulations
• The IMACS Cluster Building Survey: V. Further Evidence for Starburst Recycling from Quantitative Galaxy Morphologies
• Evolution of subhalo orbits in a smoothly-growing host halo potential
• Internal dark matter structure of the most massive galaxy clusters
• The Effect of Particle Noise in N-body Simulations of Gravitational Lensing
• Extragalactic diffuse gamma-rays from dark matter annihilation: revised prediction and full modelling uncertainties
• On the effect of angular momentum on the prompt cusp formation via the gravitational collapse
• Probing cold dark matter subhalos with simulated ALMA observations of macrolensed sub-mm galaxies
• Search for dark matter annihilation signals from unidentified Fermi-LAT objects with H.E.S.S
• Project Dinos II: Redshift evolution of dark and luminous matter density profiles in strong-lensing elliptical galaxies across 0.1 < z < 0.9
• The Anisotropy of the Extragalactic Radio Background from Dark Matter Annihilation
• Assembly Bias of Dwarf-sized Dark Matter Haloes
• The miniJPAS survey: The galaxy populations in the most massive cluster in miniJPAS, mJPC2470-1771
• Disentangling cosmic-ray and dark-matter induced gamma-rays in galaxy clusters?
• Reconstructing the extended structure of multiple sources strongly lensed by the ultra-massive elliptical galaxy SDSS J0100+1818
• Resolution of the apparent discrepancy between the number of massive subhaloes in Abell 2744 and ΛCDM
• Uncovering substructure with wavelets: proof of concept using Abell 2744
• Testing the galaxy collision induced formation scenario for the trail of dark matter deficient galaxies with the susceptibility of globular clusters to the tidal force
• An environment-dependent halo mass function as a driver for the early quenching of $z\ge 1.5$ cluster galaxies
• Mass Substructure in Abell 3128
• The Ultramarine Simulation: properties of dark matter haloes before redshift 5.5
• Shape Profiles and Orientation Bias for Weak and Strong Lensing Cluster Halos
• The Last Journey. II. SMACC -- Subhalo Mass-loss Analysis using Core Catalogs
• Assessing Mass Loss and Stellar-to-Halo Mass Ratio of Satellite Galaxies: A Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing Approach Utilizing DECaLS DR8 Data
• Towards a Bullet-proof test for indirect signals of dark matter
• The Lost Dwarfs of Centaurus A and the Formation of its Dark Globular Clusters
• MaNGA DynPop -- VI. Matter density slopes from dynamical models of 6000 galaxies versus cosmological simulations: the interplay between baryonic and dark matter
• Power law pseudo phase-space density profiles of dark matter halos: fluke of physics?
• EDEN: Exploring Disks Embedded in N-body simulations of Milky-Way-mass halos from Symphony
• Strong Lensing In The Inner Halo Of Galaxy Clusters
• A Stringent Upper Limit on Dark Matter Self-Interaction Cross Section from Cluster Strong Lensing
• Bimodal Formation Time Distribution for Infall Dark Matter Halos
• Growth and disruption in the Lyra complex
• The KALEIDOSCOPE survey : A new strong and weak gravitational lensing view of the massive galaxy cluster MACS J1423.8+2404
• Triaxiality in galaxy clusters: Mass versus Potential reconstructions
• Caught in the cosmic web: environmental effects on subhalo abundance and internal density profiles
• From particles to orbits: precise dark matter density profiles using dynamical information
• The Outskirt Stellar Mass of Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies is an Excellent Halo Mass Proxy in Illustris/IllustrisTNG Simulations
• Improving the Accuracy of Halo Mass Based Statistics For Fast Approximate N-body Simulations
• The Kaleidoscope Survey: Strong Gravitational Lensing in Galaxy Clusters with Radial Arcs
• Galaxy-galaxy strong lens perturbations: line-of-sight haloes versus lens subhaloes
• Impact of baryons on the population of Galactic subhalos and implications for dark matter searches
• The effect of hydrodynamics alone on the subhalo population in a $\Lambda$CDM rich cluster sized dark matter halo
• Assembly History and Internal Structure of Cluster Cold Dark Matter Haloes
• Internal dark matter structure of the most massive galaxy clusters since redshift 1