A 95 GHz Class I Methanol Maser Survey Toward GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs)

Abstract

We report the results of a systematic survey for 95 GHz class I methanol masers towards a new sample of 192 massive young stellar object (MYSO) candidates associated with ongoing outflows (known as extended green objects or EGOs) identified from the Spitzer GLIMPSE survey. The observations were made with the Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF) Mopra 22-m radio telescope and resulted in the detection of 105 new 95 GHz class I methanol masers. For 92 of the sources our observations provide the first identification of a class I maser transition associated with these objects (i.e. they are new class I methanol maser sources). Our survey proves that there is indeed a high detection rate (55%) of class I methanol masers towards EGOs. Comparison of the GLIMPSE point sources associated with EGOs with and without class I methanol maser detections shows they have similar mid-IR colors, with the majority meeting the color selection criteria -0.6<[5.8]-[8.0]<1.4 and 0.5<[3.6]-[4.5]<4.0. Investigations of the IRAC and MIPS 24 um colors and the associated millimeter dust clump properties (mass and density) of the EGOs for the sub-samples based on which class of methanol masers they are associated with suggests that the stellar mass range associated with class I methanol masers extends to lower masses than for class II methanol masers, or alternatively class I methanol masers may be associated with more than one evolutionary phase during the formation of a high-mass star.

7 tables and 8 figures; accepted for publication in ApJ Supplement

References in corpus (45)

• Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star Forming Regions: VI. Galactic Structure, Fundamental Parameters and Non-Circular Motions
• The Wavelength Dependence of Interstellar Extinction from 1.25 to 8.0 microns Using GLIMPSE Data
• Interpreting Spectral Energy Distributions from Young Stellar Objects. I. A grid of 200,000 YSO model SEDs
• Analytical theory for the initial mass function: CO clumps and prestellar cores
• A Catalog of Extended Green Objects (EGOs) in the GLIMPSE Survey: A new sample of massive young stellar object outflow candidates
• The initial conditions of stellar protocluster formation. I. A catalogue of Spitzer dark clouds
• The 6-GHz methanol multibeam maser catalogue I: Galactic Centre region, longitudes 345 to 6
• Ammonia in Infrared Dark Clouds
• A Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Survey of Supernova Remnants in the Inner Galaxy
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey -- II. Catalog of the Image Data
• A Class I and Class II Methanol Maser Survey of Extended Green Objects (EGOs) from the GLIMPSE Survey
• Intrinsically Red Sources observed by Spitzer in the Galactic Mid-Plane
• A general catalogue of 6.7 GHz methanol masers. I: data
• Methanol masers : Reliable tracers of the early stages of high-mass star formation
• WFCAM, Spitzer-IRAC and SCUBA observations of the massive star forming region DR21/W75: I. The collimated molecular jets
• The 6-GHz Multibeam Maser Survey I. Techniques
• 12.2-GHz methanol masers associated with 1.2-mm dust clumps: Quantifying high-mass star formation evolutionary schemes
• The 6-GHz methanol multibeam maser catalogue II: Galactic longitudes 6 to 20
• A high-sensitivity 6.7 GHz methanol maser survey toward H2O sources
• The Extended Environment of M17: A Star Formation History
• The early stages of star formation in Infrared Dark Clouds: characterizing the core dust properties
• Class I methanol masers in the outflow of IRAS 16547-4247
• Precise Positions of Methanol Masers
• Testing the circumstellar disk hypothesis: A search for H2 outflow signatures from massive YSOs with linearly distributed methanol masers
• The Arecibo Methanol Maser Galactic Plane Survey--I: Data
• Outflows from Massive YSOs as Seen with the Infrared Array Camera
• Detection of new sources of methanol emission at 95 GHz with the Mopra telescope
• Direct Spectroscopic Identification of the Origin of 'Green Fuzzy' Emission in Star Forming Regions
• The Protostar in the massive Infrared Dark Cloud IRDC18223-3
• Detection of Structure in Infrared-Dark Clouds with Spitzer: Characterizing Star Formation in the Molecular Ring
• The Relationship between Class I and Class II Methanol Masers
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey -- III. Characterizing Physical Properties of Massive Star-Forming Regions in the Gemini OB1 Molecular Cloud
• New 9.9-GHz methanol masers
• A Search for Infall Evidence in EGOs I: the Northern Sample
• Evidence for Delayed Massive Star Formation in the M17 Proto-OB Association
• Absolute positions of 6.7-GHz methanol masers
• The Ionization of Accretion Flows in High Mass Star Formation: W51e2
• A GLIMPSE-based search for 6.7-GHz Methanol Masers and the lifetime of their spectral features
• Spitzer IRAC Detection and Analysis of Shocked Molecular Hydrogen Emission
• Water masers accompanying OH and methanol masers in star formation regions
• Search for Class I methanol masers in low-mass star formation regions
• The detection of Class I methanol masers towards regions of low-mass star formation
• On the Identification of High Mass Star Forming Regions using IRAS: Contamination by Low-Mass Protostars
• Detection of 6.7 GHz methanol absorption towards hot corinos
• Spitzer and near-infrared observations of a new bi-polar protostellar outflow in the Rosette Molecular Cloud

Cited by in corpus (55)

• Southern class I methanol masers at 36 and 44 GHz
• High-mass Star Formation through Filamentary Collapse and Clump-fed Accretion in G22
• Physical characteristics of bright Class I methanol masers
• A near-IR spectroscopic survey of massive jets towards EGOs
• A Water Maser and Ammonia Survey of GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs)
• Online Database of Class I Methanol Masers
• A New 95 GHz Methanol Maser Catalog: I. Data
• Discovery of six new class II methanol maser transitions, including the unambiguous detection of three torsionally excited lines toward G358.931-0.030
• The Protocluster G18.67+0.03: A Test Case for Class I Methanol Masers as Evolutionary Indicators for Massive Star Formation
• Hundreds of new cluster candidates in the VISTA variables in the Via Lactea survey DR1
• A 1-mm spectral line survey toward GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs)
• A 95 GHz Class I Methanol Maser Survey Toward A Sample of GLIMPSE Point Sources Associated with BGPS Clumps
• MALT-45: A 7 mm survey of the southern Galaxy - I. Techniques and spectral line data
• Detection of a methanol megamaser in a major-merger galaxy
• A catalog of 44 GHz methanol masers in massive star-forming regions. IV. The high-mass protostellar object sample
• A search for 95 GHz class I methanol masers in molecular outflows
• The First Very Long Baseline Interferometry Image of 44 GHz Methanol Maser with the KVN and VERA Array (KaVA)
• Simultaneous observation of water and class I methanol masers toward class II methanol maser sources
• 84-GHz methanol masers, their relationship to 36-GHz methanol masers and their molecular environments
• VLA Survey of Dense Gas in Extended Green Objects: Prevalence of 25 GHz Methanol Masers
• Physical and chemical complexity in high-mass star-forming regions with ALMA. I. Overview and evolutionary trends of physical properties
• Simultaneous Survey of Water and Class I Methanol Masers toward Red MSX Sources
• Testing maser-based evolutionary schemes: A new search for 37.7-GHz methanol masers
• Modelling CH${}_3$OH masers: Sobolev approximation and accelerated lambda iteration method
• Initial phases of high-mass star formation: A multiwavelength study towards the extended green object G12.42+0.50
• The relationship between Class I and Class II methanol masers at high angular resolution
• 44 GHz methanol masers: Observations toward 95 GHz methanol masers
• The first high-resolution observations of 19.9-GHz methanol masers
• OMC-2 FIR 4 under the microscope: Shocks, filaments, and a highly collimated jet at 100 au scales
• The physical parameters of clumps associated with class I methanol masers
• ATLASGAL: 3-mm class I methanol masers in high-mass star formation regions
• Young Stellar Populations in MYStIX Star Forming Regions: Candidate Protostars
• Molecular line search toward the flaring 6.7-GHz methanol masers of G24.33+0.13 and G359.6-0.243: rare maser transitions detected
• Water and Methanol Maser Activities in the NGC 2024 FIR 6 Region
• Early-stage star forming cloud cores in GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs) as traced by organic species
• Multiwavelength investigation of extended green object G19.88-0.53: Revealing a protocluster
• Astrophysical constraints on the proton-to-electron mass ratio with FAST
• Multi-frequency Studies of Massive Cores with Complex Spatial and Kinematic Structures
• SOFIA {\it FORCAST} Photometry of 12 Extended Green Objects in the Milky Way
• Investigations of the Class I methanol masers in NGC 4945
• New class I methanol masers
• High-mass star formation toward southern infrared bubble S10
• The G 305 Star-forming Region: II. Irregular variable stars
• WISE Green Objects (WGOs): the massive star candidates in the whole Galactic Plane ($\mid b\mid <2^{\circ }$)
• NIR jets from a clustered region of massive star formation: Morphology and composition in the IRAS 18264-1152 region
• Comparison of three Statistical Classification Techniques for Maser Identification
• Molecular inventory of a young eruptive star's environment -- Case study of the classical FU Orionis star V1057 Cyg
• Dynamic Massive Star Formation: Radio Flux Variability in UCHII Regions
• Masers in star forming regions
• MeerKAT and ALMA view of the AGAL045.804-0.356 clump
• FUGIN hot core survey. I. Survey method and initial results for $l=10^{\circ }-20^{\circ }$
• A 95 GHz Methanol Emission Survey Toward Eight Small Supernova Remnants
• Millimeter and far-IR study of the IRCD SDC 341.232-0.268
• Properties of Contracting Massive Protostellar Cores
• Studying the Molecular Ambient towards the Young Stellar Object EGO G35.04-0.47