The origin of cosmic rays: Explosions of massive stars with magnetic winds and their supernova mechanism

Abstract

One prediction of particle acceleration in the supernova remnants in the magnetic wind of exploding Wolf Rayet and Red Super Giant stars is that the final spectrum is a composition of a spectrum $E^{-7/3}$ and a polar cap component of $E^{-2}$ at the source. This polar cap component contributes to the total energy content with only a few percent, but dominates the spectrum at higher energy. The sum of both components gives spectra which curve upwards. The upturn was predicted to occur always at the same rigidity. An additional component of cosmic rays from acceleration by supernovae exploding into the Inter-Stellar Medium (ISM) adds another component for Hydrogen and for Helium. After transport the predicted spectra $J(E)$ for the wind-SN cosmic rays are $E^{-8/3}$ and $E^{-7/3}$; the sum leads to an upturn from the steeper spectrum. An upturn has now been seen. Here, we test the observations against the predictions, and show that the observed properties are consistent with the predictions. Hydrogen can be shown to also have a noticeable wind-SN-component. The observation of the upturn in the heavy element spectra being compatible with the same rigidity for all heavy elements supports the magneto-rotational mechanism for these supernovae. This interpretation predicts the observed upturn to continue to curve upwards and approach the $E^{-7/3}$ spectrum. If confirmed, this would strengthen the case that supernovae of very massive stars with magnetic winds are important sources of Galactic cosmic rays.

arXiv comment15 pages, 2 figures. For publication in ApJ

References in corpus (20)

• Observation of an anomalous positron abundance in the cosmic radiation
• How Massive Single Stars End their Life
• Giant Gamma-ray Bubbles from Fermi-LAT: AGN Activity or Bipolar Galactic Wind?
• Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Extensive Air Showers above 10^18 eV
• Probing the ATIC peak in the cosmic-ray electron spectrum with H.E.S.S
• Discrepant hardening observed in cosmic-ray elemental spectra
• Microwave ISM Emission Observed by WMAP
• The Fermi Haze: A Gamma-Ray Counterpart to the Microwave Haze
• Indications of Proton-Dominated Cosmic Ray Composition above 1.6 EeV
• Energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei at high energies
• Evidence Of Dark Matter Annihilations In The WMAP Haze
• Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray acceleration by relativistic blast waves
• Diffusive Shock Acceleration in Unmodified Relativistic, Oblique Shocks
• Cosmic ray electrons and positrons from supernova explosions of massive stars
• Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays from Centaurus A: Jet Interaction with Gaseous Shells
• Particle acceleration in ultra-relativistic oblique shock waves
• The WMAP haze from the Galactic Center region due to massive star explosions and a reduced cosmic ray scale height
• Cosmic Rays X. The cosmic ray knee and beyond: Diffusive acceleration at oblique shocks
• Particle acceleration in ultra-relativistic parallel shock waves
• Active Galactic Nuclei with Starbursts: Sources for Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays

Cited by in corpus (45)

• Proton and Helium Spectra from the CREAM-III Flight
• Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Proton Spectrum from 50 GeV to 10 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station
• Astrophysical models for the origin of the positron "excess"
• Observation of Anisotropy in the Arrival Directions of Galactic Cosmic Rays at Multiple Angular Scales with IceCube
• Cosmic-ray energy spectrum and composition up to the ankle - the case for a second Galactic component
• Spectra of Cosmic Ray Protons and Helium Produced in Supernova Remnants
• Influence of hadronic interaction models and the cosmic ray spectrum on the high energy atmospheric muon and neutrino flux
• Observation of Spectral Structures in the Flux of Cosmic-Ray Protons from 50 GeV to 60 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station
• Nearby supernova remnants and the cosmic-ray spectral hardening at high energies
• Spatial-Dependent Diffusion of Cosmic Rays and the Ratio of pbar/p, B/C
• Propagation of galactic cosmic rays in the presence of self-generated turbulence
• GeV-TeV cosmic-ray spectral anomaly as due to re-acceleration by weak shocks in the Galaxy
• Observing a column-dependent zeta in dense interstellar sources: the case of the Horsehead Nebula
• TeV cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra in the myriad model
• Excesses of Cosmic Ray Spectra from A Single Nearby Source
• Centaurus A: the one extragalactic source of cosmic rays with energies above the knee
• Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Helium Spectrum from 40 GeV to 250 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station
• Revisiting Spatial-Dependent Propagation Model with Latest Observations of Cosmic Ray Nuclei
• Revisiting the hardening of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum at TeV energies
• Cosmic-Ray Hardenings in the Light of AMS-02
• On the non-thermal electron-to-proton ratio at cosmic acceleration sites
• Cosmic nucleosynthesis: a multi-messenger challenge
• Cosmic rays from supernova remnants and superbubbles
• Supernova explosions of massive stars and cosmic rays
• Spatial Dependent Diffusion of Cosmic Rays and the Excess of Primary Electrons Derived from High Precision Measurements by AMS-02
• "Discrepant hardenings" in cosmic ray spectra: a first estimate of the effects on secondary antiproton and diffuse gamma-ray yields
• Active Galactic Nuclei Jets and Multiple Oblique Shock Acceleration: Starved Spectra
• Cosmic ray transport and anisotropies
• Molecular Clouds as the Origin of the Fermi Gamma-Ray GeV-Excess
• On the knee of Galactic cosmic rays in light of sub-TeV spectral hardenings
• Gamma-ray emitting supernova remnants as the origin of Galactic cosmic rays?
• Cosmic rays: the spectrum and chemical composition from $10^{10}$ to $10^{20}$ eV
• A common origin of multi-messenger spectral anomaly of galactic cosmic rays
• Anomalous Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Framework of AMS-02
• TeV cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra in the myriad model II
• Evidence of fresh cosmic ray in galactic plane based on DAMPE measurement of B/C and B/O ratios
• A supersymmetric model for triggering Supernova Ia in isolated white dwarfs
• Origin of hardening and universality of cosmic rays spectra in GV-PV rigidity region
• Newly-Discovered Anomalies in Galactic Cosmic Rays: Time for Exotic Scenarios?
• Galactic Centre as an efficient source of cosmic rays
• Fine structure in the cosmic ray spectrum: Further analysis and the next step
• Resurrection of Non-thermal Emissions from Type Ib/c Supernova Remnants
• The proton and helium anomalies in the light of the Myriad model
• Diffusive Origin of the Cosmic-Ray Spectral Hardening
• Anomaly in the cosmic-ray energy spectrum at GeV-TeV energies