A synthetic electric force acting on neutral atoms

Abstract

Electromagnetism is a simple example of a gauge theory where the underlying potentials -- the vector and scalar potentials -- are defined only up to a gauge choice. The vector potential generates magnetic fields through its spatial variation and electric fields through its time-dependence. We experimentally produce a synthetic gauge field that emerges only at low energy in a rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate: the neutral atoms behave as charged particles do in the presence of a homogeneous effective vector potential. We have generated a synthetic electric field through the time dependence of an effective vector potential, a physical consequence even though the vector potential is spatially uniform.

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• A Bose-Einstein Condensate in a Uniform Light-induced Vector Potential
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• Two-body bound state of ultracold Fermi atoms with two-dimensional spin-orbit coupling
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