Structure Functions of the Nucleon and their Interpretation

Abstract

The current status of measurements of the nucleon structure functions and their understanding is reviewed. The fixed target experiments E665, CCFR and NMC and the HERA experiments H1 and ZEUS are discussed in some detail. The extraction of parton momentum distribution functions from global fits is described, with particular attention paid to much improved information on the gluon momentum distribution. The status of alpha_s measurements from deep inelastic data is reviewed. Models and non-perturbative approaches for the parton input distributions are outlined. The impact on the phenomenology of QCD of the data at very low values of the Bjorken x variable is discussed in detail. Recent advances in the understanding of the transition from deep inelastic scattering to photoproduction are summarised. Some brief comments are made on the recent HERA measurements of the ep NC and CC cross-sections at very high Q2.

196 pages, 79 figures, uses ijmpa.sty and psfig.tex (included)

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• Leptoproduction of Heavy Quarks II -- A Unified QCD Formulation of Charged and Neutral Current Processes from Fixed-target to Collider Energies
• High-Energy Factorization and Small-X Deep Inelastic Scattering Beyond Leading Order
• Measurement of the proton and deuteron structure functions, F2p and F2d, and of the ratio sigma(L)/sigma(T)
• LEPTO 6.5 - A Monte Carlo Generator for Deep Inelastic Lepton-Nucleon Scattering
• Pinning down the Glue in the Proton
• Parton Distributions of the Proton
• Next-to-Leading Order Radiative Parton Model Analysis of Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Charm electroproduction viewed in the variable-flavour number scheme versus fixed-order perturbation theory
• CTEQ Parton Distributions and Flavor Dependence of Sea Quarks
• An Ordered Analysis of Heavy Flavour Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Nucleon Parton Distributions at Low Normalization Point in the Large N_c Limit
• Measurement of the proton and the deuteron structure functions F2p and F2d
• A unified BFKL and GLAP description of $F_2$ data
• An Improved Determination of ${\alpha }_S$ From Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering
• The Quark/Antiquark Asymmetry of the Nucleon Sea
• Inclusive jet cross section in $\bar{p}p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=1.8$ TeV
• Jet photoproduction at HERA
• A Measurement and QCD Analysis of the Proton Structure Function $F_2(x,Q^2)$ at HERA
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• Parton distributions: a study of the new HERA data, ${\alpha }_s$, the gluon and $p\bar{p}$ jet production
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• Next-to-leading Corrections to the BFKL Equation From the Gluon and Quark Production
• Heavy-quark correlations in deep-inelastic electroproduction
• Polarized and Unpolarized Nucleon Structure Functions from Lattice QCD
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• QCD evolution of the gluon density in a nucleus
• Accurate Measurement of F2d/F2p and Rd-Rp
• Power Corrections and Renormalons in Deep Inelastic Structure Functions
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• Measurement of Charged Particle Transverse Momentum Spectra in Deep Inelastic Scattering
• On the Kinematic Reconstruction of Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA: the $\Sigma$ Method
• Summation of Leading Logarithms at Small x
• Non Abelian $q\bar{q}$ contributions to small-$x$ anomalous dimensions
• Probing the QCD pomeron in e+ e- collisions
• Inelastic J/psi Photoproduction
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• Transverse Energy and Forward Jet Production in the Low $x$ Regime at HERA
• The Charge Asymmetry in W-Boson Decays Produced in p-pbar Collisions at sqrt(s) = 1.8 TeV
• Asymptotically Free Partons at High Energy
• Large Transverse Momentum Jet Production and the Gluon Distribution Inside the Proton
• A Monte Carlo Solution to the BFKL Equation
• HERA Anomaly and Hard Charm in the Nucleon
• Proton structure functions in the dipole picture of BFKL dynamics
• Kt-Factorization vs. Renormalization Group: A small-x Consistency Argument
• Next-to-next-to-leading order QCD analysis of the Gross-Llewellyn Smith sum rule and the higher twist effects
• Associated Jet Production at HERA
• Next-to-next-to-leading order QCD analysis of the CCFR data for xF_3 and F_2 structure functions of the deep-inelastic neutrino-nucleon scattering
• THE GLUON DISTRIBUTION AT SMALL x OBTAINED FROM A UNIFIED EVOLUTION EQUATION.
• Model (In)dependent Features of the Hard Pomeron
• Froissart boundary for deep inelastic structure functions
• On the analytical approximation to the GLAP evolution at small x and moderate Q^2
• Statistical Model for the Nucleon Structure Functions
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• Theory of Small $x$ Deep Inelastic Scattering NLO Evaluations, and low $Q^2$ Analysis
• A new evolution equation
• Consistent Treatment of Charm Evolution in Deep Inelastic Scattering
• The ${\alpha }_S$ Dependence of Parton Distributions
• Low $Q^2$, Low $x$ Region in Electroproduction $-$ an Overview
• Determination of alpha_s from F_2^p at HERA
• The BFKL-Regge Phenomenology of Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Analytic Approach to Small-X Structure Functions
• Investigations into the BFKL Mechanism with a Running QCD Coupling
• QCD Predictions for the Transverse Energy Flow in Deep-Inelastic Scattering in the Small x HERA Regime
• Detailed Next-to-Leading Order Analysis of Deep Inelastic Neutrino Induced Charm Production off Strange Sea Partons
• Implications of Scaling Violations of F2 at HERA for Perturbative QCD
• QCD analysis of the CCFR data for $x{F}_3$ and Higher--Twist Contribution
• A Numerical Estimate of the Small-$k_T$ Region in the BFKL Pomeron
• Large Transverse Momentum Jet Production and DIS Distributions of the Proton
• Hera Events, Tevatron Jets, and the Uncertainty On Quarks At Large X
• Dijet Production at HERA as a Probe of BFKL Dynamics
• A New Method to Probe the low $x$ Parton Dynamics at HERA
• Renormalization Scheme Consistent Structure Functions, Including Leading ln (1/x) Terms
• The BFKL Pomeron with running coupling constant: how much of its hard nature survives?
• The Determination of ${\alpha }_S$ at Hadron Colliders
• A Study of Structure Functions for the Bag Beyond Leading Order
• What Have We Learned About and From F_L(x,Q^2) at HERA?
• BFKL predictions at small x from k_T and collinear factorization viewpoints
• Experimental Tests of Asymptotic Freedom
• Small x resummations confronted with F_2(x,Q^2) data
• Momentum Conservation at Small x
• An analytic solution of the BFKL equation with momentum cutoffs
• The Intrinsic Gluon Component of the Nucleon
• From Deep Inelastic Scattering to Photoproduction: A Unified Approach
• Sum rule for the twist four longitudinal structure function
• Structure functions and angular ordering at small x
• Resummation at Large $Q$ and at Small $x$
• Further experimental tests for simple relations between unpolarized and polarized quark parton distributions
• Physically Motivated Approximation to a Parton Distribution Function in QCD
• Limitations of small x resummation methods from F_2 data
• The QCD analysis of the revised CCFR data for xF_3 structure function: the next-to-next-to-leading order and Padé approximants
• On the origin of the rise of $F_2$ at small $x$
• Thresholds in ${\alpha }_s$ evolution and the $p_T$ dependence of jets
• Universality of the preasymptotics in the hadron and photon diffraction
• On the Asymptotic Behaviour of F_2(x,Q^2)
• A Positive Test for Fermi-Dirac Distributions of Quark-Partons
• BFKL versus HERA
• An Observation on F_2 at Low x
• A Screened BFKL Interpretation of $F_2$ in the Exceedingly Small x Limit
• Quantum statistics and Altarelli-Parisi evolution equations
• Deep inelastic events containing a forward photon as a probe of small $x$ dynamics
• The $x$-Region of Shadowing Corrections in Nucleon Structure Functions
• Gluons from logarithmic slopes of $F_2$ in the NLL approximation

Cited by in corpus (74)

• QCDNUM: Fast QCD Evolution and Convolution
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• A ZEUS next-to-leading-order QCD analysis of data on deep inelastic scattering
• Nuclear Deep-Inelastic Lepton Scattering and Coherence Phenomena
• HERA Collider Physics
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• Small-x Physics: From HERA to LHC and beyond
• Deeply inelastic scattering structure functions on a hybrid quantum computer
• Small-x behavior of the structure function F_2 and its slope partial ln(F_2)/partial ln(1/x) for "frozen" and analytic strong-coupling constants
• Small x behaviour of parton distributions with soft initial conditions
• The Gluon Impact Factors
• Penetration of the Earth by ultrahigh energy neutrinos predicted by low x QCD
• Random walks of partons in SU(N_c) and classical representations of color charges in QCD at small x
• High-Q^2 neutral current cross sections in e^+p deep inelastic scattering at sqrt{s}=318 GeV
• The impact factor for the virtual photon to light vector meson transition
• Flavor Structure of the Nucleon Sea
• Measurement of high-Q2 charged current cross sections in e-p deep inelastic scattering at HERA
• Small x behavior of parton distributions. A study of higher twist effects
• Measurement of high-Q^2 charged current cross sections in e^+p deep inelastic scattering at HERA
• Determination of the Atmospheric Neutrino Fluxes from Atmospheric Neutrino Data
• Parton densities and saturation scale from non-linear evolution in DIS on nuclei
• Photon-Reggeon Interaction Vertices in the Nla
• The Quark and Gluon Structure of the Proton
• Heavy-quark contributions to the ratio F_L/F_2 at low x
• QCD coupling constant at NNLO from DIS data
• Infrared safety of impact factors for colourless particle interactions
• QCD effective charge and the structure function $F_2$ at small-$x$
• On the mass difference between proton and neutron
• A Pomeron Approach to Hadron-Nucleus and Nucleus-Nucleus "Soft" Interactions at High Energy
• Q2-evolution of parton densities at small x values. Combined H1 and ZEUS F2 data
• Extracting the longitudinal structure function FL(x,Q2) at small x from a Froissart-bounded parametrization of F2(x,Q2)
• Transverse momentum dependent parton densities in processes with heavy quark generations
• Small x Gluons in Nuclei and Hadrons
• Calculation of Moments of Structure Functions
• Application of the rescaling model at small Bjorken $x$ values
• Searching Saturation in eA Processes
• Charm Production and QCD Analysis at HERA and LHC
• A Model for the Pion Structure Function
• Longitudinal structure function FL at small x extracted from the Berger-Block-Tan parametrization of F2
• Investigation into the limits of perturbation theory at low Q^2 using HERA deep inelastic scattering data
• The dipole cross section by the unintegrated gluon distribution at small $x$
• Has HERA reached a new QCD regime?
• Transverse momentum dependent parton densities in a proton from the generalized DAS approach
• Unitarity Corrections to the Drell-Yan Process in the Target Rest Frame
• Valence quark distributions in mesons in generalized QCD sum rules
• How fast do small x structure function rise ? A comparative analysis
• Deep inelastic scattering and "elastic" diffraction
• Measuring the BFKL Pomeron in Neutrino Telescopes
• Small x behavior of the slope dlnF_2/dln(1/x) in the framework of perturbative QCD
• Proton-proton interaction in constituent quarks model at LHC energies
• Effect of the parameterization of the distribution functions on the longitudinal structure function at small $x$
• The Logarithmic Slope in Diffractive DIS
• Constraining the free parameter of the high parton density effects
• Spin dependent structure function g_1 at low x and low Q^2
• Valence quark distributions in nucleon at low $Q^2$ in QCD
• Solutions of Independent DGLAP Evolution Equations for the Gluon Distribution and Singlet Structure Functions in the Next-to-Leading Order at Low x
• Probing Gluons in Nuclei: the Case of ${\eta }^{\prime }$
• Gluon density from the Berger-Block-Tan form of the structure function F2
• A search for Z' in muon neutrino associated charm production
• Analytic Approach to the Approximate Solution of the Independent DGLAP Evolution Equations with Respect to the Hard-Pomeron Behavior
• Gluon evolution for the Berger-Block-Tan form of the structure function F2
• $x{F}_3(x,Q^2)$ Structure Function and Gross-Llewellyn Smith Sum Rule with Nuclear Effect and Higher Twist Correction
• The GZK Puzzle and Fundamental Dynamics
• Small-x behavior of non-singlet spin structure function and Bjorken sum rule with pQCD correction up to NNLO and Higher twist correction
• Parametrisation of F_2^gamma at low Q^2 and of sigma(gamma,gamma) and sigma(gamma^*,gamma) at high energies
• Low-x Physics
• Criticality in quark-gluon systems far beyond thermal and chemical equilibrium
• Measurement of the Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetry for Mid-rapidity Production of Neutral Pions in Polarized p+p Collisions at 200 GeV Center-of-Mass Energy
• Novel features in exclusive vector--meson production
• Q2-evolution of parton densities at small-x values
• Q^2 evolution of parton distributions at small x
• Low $x$ physics and Structure Functions
• QED Radiative Processes in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA
• Total gamma-gamma and gamma*-gamma* Cross Sections Measured at LEP