Steady state thermodynamics
arXiv:cond-mat/0411052
Abstract
The present paper reports our attempt to search for a new universal framework in nonequilibrium physics. We propose a thermodynamic formalism that is expected to apply to a large class of nonequilibrium steady states including a heat conducting fluid, a sheared fluid, and an electrically conducting fluid. We call our theory steady state thermodynamics (SST) after Oono and Paniconi's original proposal. The construction of SST is based on a careful examination of how the basic notions in thermodynamics should be modified in nonequilibrium steady states. We define all thermodynamic quantities through operational procedures which can be (in principle) realized experimentally. Based on SST thus constructed, we make some nontrivial predictions, including an extension of Einstein's formula on density fluctuation, an extension of the minimum work principle, the existence of a new osmotic pressure of a purely nonequilibrium origin, and a shift of coexistence temperature. All these predictions may be checked experimentally to test SST for its quantitative validity.
91 pages, 24 figures, v.2: We have made many nontrivial improvements (Appendix A is new and reports another example where SST can be verified; Section 8.3.3 is also new; We also have discussions about linear response in a nonequilibrium steady state (see sections 6.2, 8.2, A.4, A.6).), v.3: We have made many small imprivements. This version will appear in J. Stat. Phys
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