Chemistry in disks I - Deep search for N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ in the protoplanetary disks around LkCa 15, MWC 480, and DM Tau

Abstract

Aims: To constrain the ionization fraction in protoplanetary disks, we present new high-sensitivity interferometric observations of N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ in three disks surrounding DM Tau, LkCa 15, and MWC 480. Methods: We used the IRAM PdBI array to observe the N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ J=1-0 line and applied a $\ddot{I}{‡}^2$-minimization technique to estimate corresponding column densities. These values are compared, together with HCO${}^{+}$ column densities, to results of a steady-state disk model with a vertical temperature gradient coupled to gas-grain chemistry. Results: We report two \ndhp detections for LkCa 15 and DM Tau at the $5\ddot{I}ƒ$ level and an upper limit for MWC 480. The column density derived from the data for LkCa 15 is much lower than previously reported. The [N${}_2$H${}^{+}$/HCO${}^{+}$] ratio is on the order of 0.02--0.03. So far, HCO${}^{+}$ remains the most abundant observed molecular ion in disks. Conclusions: All the observed values generally agree with the modelled column densities of disks at an evolutionary stage of a few million years (within the uncertainty limits), but the radial distribution of the molecules is not reproduced well. The low inferred concentration of N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ in three disks around low-mass and intermediate-mass young stars implies that this ion is not a sensitive tracer of the overall disk ionization fraction.

10 pages, 6 figures