The Origin of Subdwarf B Star (I): the Formation Channels

Abstract

Subdwarf B (sdB) stars (and related sdO/sdOB stars) are believed to be helium core-burning objects with very thin hydrogen-rich envelopes. In recent years it has become increasingly clear from observational surveys that a large fraction of these objects are members of binary systems. To better understand their formation, we here present the results of a detailed investigation of the three main binary evolution channels that can lead to the formation of sdB stars: the common envelope (CE) ejection channel, the stable Roche lobe overflow (RLOF) channel and the double helium white dwarfs (WDs) merger channel. We obtained the conditions for the formation of sdB stars from each of these channels using detailed stellar and binary evolution calculations where we modelled the detailed evolution of sdB stars and carried out simplified binary population synthesis simulations. The observed period distribution of sdB stars in compact binaries strongly constrains the CE ejection parameters. We also present the distribution of sdB stars in the $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ - $\log g$ diagram, the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and the distribution of mass functions.

20 pages, 23 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• Hot subdwarf binaries - Masses and nature of their heavy compact companions
• Amplitude and frequency variations in PG~0101+039 from K2 photometry -- A pulsating hot B subdwarf star in an unsynchronized binary system
• A Numerical Method for Studying Super-Eddington Mass Transfer in Double White Dwarf Binaries
• Synthetic horizontal branch morphology for different metallicities and ages under tidally enhanced stellar wind
• GABE: Galaxy Assembly with Binary Evolution
• The ultraviolet colour of globular clusters in M31: a core density effect?
• Study of sdO models. Pulsation Analysis
• WD + He star systems as the progenitors of Type Ia supernovae and their surviving companion stars
• Advanced Classification of Hot Subdwarf Binaries Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques and Gaia DR3 data
• ELM of ELM-WD: An extremely low mass hot star discovered in LAMOST survey
• Space observations of AA Doradus provide consistent mass determinations. New HW-Vir systems observed with TESS
• A search for pulsars in subdwarf B binary systems and discovery of giant-pulse emitting PSR J0533-4524
• Evolution models of helium white dwarf--main-sequence star merger remnants: the mass distribution of single low-mass white dwarfs
• Common Envelope Mechanisms: Constraints from the X-ray Luminosity Function of High Mass X-ray Binaries
• Donors of Persistent Neutron-star Low-mass X-ray Binaries
• Planetary influences on photometric variation of the extreme helium subdwarf KIC10449976
• Hot Subdwarf Formation: Confronting Theory with Observation
• Modeling Eclipses of the Novalike Variable TT Triangulum
• A Be Star + He Star Binary as an Indicator of a Binary Mass Transfer Phase
• Rethinking mass transfer: a unified semi-analytical framework for circular and eccentric binaries. I. Orbital evolution due to conservative mass transfer
• RAT J0455+1305: A rare hybrid pulsating subdwarf B star
• A 500 pc volume-limited sample of hot subluminous stars II. Atmospheric parameters, mass distribution, and kinematics
• Hot subdwarfs - Small stars marking important events in stellar evolution
• Non-Detection of the Putative Substellar Companion to HD 149382
• HIP 15429: A newborn Be star on an eccentric binary orbit
• A hot horizontal branch star with a close K-type main-sequence companion
• The orbital period distribution of subdwarf B binaries
• A strong emission line near 24.8 angstrom in the X-ray binary system MAXI J0556--332: gravitational redshift or unusual donor?
• WD mass and orbital period relation of sdB + He WD binaries
• Pulse Timing Discovery of a Three-Day Companion to the Hot Subdwarf BPM 36430
• Mode identification from monochromatic amplitude and phase variations for the rapidly pulsating subdwarf B star EC 20338-1925
• The effects of UV photometry and binary interactions on photometric redshift and galaxy morphology
• Radial velocity monitoring of long period hot subdwarf + main sequence binaries with HERMES@Mercator
• V391 Peg: identification of the two main pulsation modes from ULTRACAM u'g'r' amplitudes
• Population synthesis of hot subdwarf B stars with COMPAS: on the observed Galactic population
• Short-Period Variables in TESS Full-Frame Image Light Curves Identified via Convolutional Neural Networks
• The binary fraction of Blue Horizontal-Branch (BHB) Stars
• Pulsating subdwarf B stars in the oldest open cluster NGC6791
• Discovery of three magnetic helium-rich hot subdwarfs with SALT
• The EXOTIME project: Signals in the $O-C$ diagrams of the rapidly pulsating subdwarfs DW Lyn, V1636 Ori, QQ Vir, and V541 Hya
• Evolution of binaries containing a hot subdwarf and a white dwarf to double white dwarfs, and double detonation supernovae with hypervelocity runaway stars
• Hot Subdwarfs from the Stable Roche Lobe Overflow Channel
• Inclusion of sdBs in evolutionary population synthesis for binary stellar populations and the application: the determinations of photo-z and galaxy morphology
• The population of single and binary white dwarfs of the Galactic bulge
• Anomalous Orbital Characteristics of the AQ Col (EC 05217-3914) System
• GALEX J201337.6+092801: The lowest gravity subdwarf B pulsator
• Detection of Ubiquitous Circumbinary Matter in Hot Subdwarfs Formed from Common-Envelope Ejections
• SPH Methods in the Modelling of Compact Objects
• TIC 5724661: A Long-Period Binary with a Pulsating sdB Star and $\delta$ Scuti Variable
• A Binary Model for the UV-upturn of Elliptical Galaxies
• Mapping Milky Way Halo Substructure using Stars in the Extended Blue Tail of the Horizontal Branch
• Common envelope: progress and transients
• Eclipsing Binaries Found by the EREBOS Project: Gaia DR2 6097540197980557440 -- A Deeply Eclipsing sdB+dM System
• Limiting the accretion disk light in two mass transferring hot subdwarf binaries
• Identifying and characterising the population of hot sub-luminous stars with multi-colour MeerLICHT data
• The theoretical pulsation spectra of hot B subdwarfs. Static and evolutionary STELUM models
• Producing type Ia supernovae from hybrid CONe white dwarfs with main-sequence binary companions at low metallicity of Z = 0.0001
• MUCHFUSS - Massive Unseen Companions to Hot Faint Underluminous Stars from SDSS
• Binarity as the solution to the stellar evolution enigma posed by NGC 6791
• The fractions of post-binary-interaction stars and evolved blue straggler stars on the red giant branch of globular clusters
• Discovery of periodic variables in the hot subdwarf catalogue through a systematic search in Zwicky Transient Facility data
• Volume-limited sample of low-mass red giant stars, the progenitors of hot subdwarf stars I. Sample selection and binary classification method
• Hot Subdwarfs in Close Binaries Observed from Space III: Reflection Effect Asymmetry Induced by Relativistic Beaming
• Hot subdwarf stars from the Hamburg Quasar Survey
• Hot Subdwarf Stars Among the Objects Rejected from the PG Catalog: a First Assessment Using GALEX Photometry
• Relation between spectral indices and binary fractions in GCs
• Evolution of binary stars and its implications for evolutionary population synthesis
• Wide sdB binaries. I. Orbital and atmospheric parameters
• Extreme mass loss during common envelope evolution: the origin of the double low-mass white dwarf system J2102--4145
• Asteroseismic Imprints of Mass Transfer in Binary Stars: Probing the Interiors of Donors and Accretors with Gravity and Acoustic Modes
• Merged white dwarfs and nucleosynthesis
• The effects of binary interactions on parameter determinations for early-type galaxies
• Red supergiant stars in binary systems II. Confirmation of B-type companions of red supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud using Hubble ultra-violet spectroscopy
• Determination method of binary fractions by the integrated spectrum
• Binary Evolutionary Models
• MoBiDICT: new 3D static models of close, synchronized binaries in hydrostatic equilibrium
• Abundance analysis of a nitrogen-rich extreme-helium hot subdwarf from the SALT survey
• Onset of common envelope evolution during a core helium flash by rapid envelope expansion
• X-ray observation of the Roche-lobe filling white dwarf plus hot subdwarf system ZTF J213056.71+442046.5
• From Main Sequence Binary to Blast: MESA Modeling of the Double-Detonation Progenitor PTF1~J2238+7430
• Stars on the ascending helium giant branch I. From white dwarf merger to helium giant: the evolutionary state of the rapidly rotating hot subdwarf HE 1518-0948
• Asteroseismic Constraints on the Models of Hot B Subdwarfs: Convective Helium-Burning Cores
• Observing Orbital Decay in the Ultracompact Hot Subdwarf Binary System ZTFJ213056.71+442046.5
• Exploring the effects of detailed chemical profiles on the adiabatic oscillation spectrum of sdB stars: First Results
• Mass Ratio Distribution of Hierarchical Triple Systems from the LAMOST-MRS Survey
• Ultra-compact X-ray Binaries: A Review
• Primordial Binary Evolution and Blue Stragglers
• A Kepler K2 view of subdwarf A-type stars
• Two categories of UV-upturn galaxies revealed by semi-analytic models
• X-ray emission from hot subdwarfs with compact companions
• Discovery of the first outbursting hot subdwarf binary: ZTF J0007+4804
• Exploring Late Stellar Evolution in the Era of Large Surveys: Machine Learning Prospects for Hot Subdwarfs and White Dwarfs
• Discovery and analysis of three magnetic hot subdwarf stars: evidence for merger-induced magnetic fields
• Stellar Parameters and Orbital Period Estimates for Composite-Spectrum sdB+MS Binaries from LAMOST
• One's loss is (not) another's gain: Isotropic re-emission destabilizes mass transfer from radiative donor stars
• A comprehensive study of $\delta$ Scuti-type pulsators in eclipsing binaries: oscillating eclipsing Algols
• Spectroscopic Analysis of Subluminous B Stars in Binaries - Four Candidate Systems with Neutron Star/Black Hole Companions Discovered
• QUEST Eclipsing Binaries and ELLISA: Eclipsing binary search in the QUEST low latitude catalogue and the ELLISA light curve simulator
• Discerning internal conditions of pulsating hot subdwarf B stars. Modelling multiple trapped modes in KIC 10001893
• A new code for low-resolution spectral identification of white dwarf binary candidates
• Formation, diffusion and accreting pollution of DB white dwarfs
• EC 22536-5304: a lead-rich and metal-poor long-period binary
• Hot subdwarfs from the surviving companions of the white dwarf + main-sequence channel of Type Ia supernovae
• Spectroscopic follow-up of hot subdwarf variables found in ZTF -- Atmospheric and fundamental properties of radial-mode sdB pulsators