Curvature-Driven Density and Fluctuations in Interacting AOUPs under Confinement

Abstract

We investigate interacting active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particles (AOUPs) confined in harmonic and double-well potentials, combining mean-field theory, analytical approximations, and numerical simulations. We derive the stationary density, position and velocity correlations, correlation length, dynamical structure factor, and leading-order entropy production. Unlike established harmonic normal-mode descriptions, our framework incorporates steric interactions, persistent forcing, and spatially varying confinement curvature through the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the many-body Hessian. Within a locally homogeneous approximation, the correlation length is controlled by persistence and local curvature, increasing as the effective restoring stiffness decreases and formally diverging at the instability of the linearized description. Entropy production, at leading nontrivial order in persistence, is governed by gradients of the effective curvature. Harmonic confinement provides a constant-curvature reference, whereas double-well confinement creates equilibrium-like regions near the minima and strongly nonequilibrium regions near the barrier. The barrier exhibits enhanced velocity and density fluctuations, soft collective modes, long-lived correlations, and increased entropy production. Persistence amplifies these effects, while steric crowding suppresses collective fluctuations. The dynamical structure factor reveals enhanced low-frequency contributions from soft modes. Our results establish how confinement geometry, active persistence, and interactions jointly regulate collective fluctuations and irreversibility in active matter.

arXiv comment23 Pages, 4 Figures

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