Confirmation of Fe I on MASCARA-5 b's Dayside Observed With EXPRES

Abstract

MASCARA-5~b/TOI-1431~b is an ultra-hot Jupiter \citep[$P_{\mathrm{orb}}=2.650237\pm 0.000003\mathrm{d}$, $T_{\mathrm{eq}}=2370\pm 70\mathrm{K}$, $M_{\mathrm{p}}=3.12\pm 0.18M_{\mathrm{Jup}}$, $R_{\mathrm{p}}=1.49\pm 0.05R_{\mathrm{Jup}}$;][]{addison2021} orbiting a bright Am star ($V=8.0\mathrm{mag}$). Recent time-series observations obtained with PEPSI@LBT during the planet's post-eclipse phases have revealed Fe~{\sc i} emission lines indicative of a thermally inverted atmosphere. These observations demonstrate that MASCARA-5~b is well-suited to atmospheric characterization via emission spectroscopy, thereby motivating further follow-up observations covering additional orbital phases to constrain the planet's atmospheric chemistry, thermal structure, and dynamics. Here we present pre-eclipse time-series observations obtained with the high-resolution optical spectrograph EXPRES@LDT. Our analysis confirms the previous detection of gas-phase Fe~{\sc i} on MASCARA-5~b's dayside (with a $5.5\sigma$ significance obtained from two nights of observations) and the fact that the thermal profile is inverted with lower and upper temperatures $\sim 2000\mathrm{K}$ and $\sim 4500\mathrm{K}$, respectively. A search for Fe~{\sc ii} and Cr~{\sc i} did not yield any plausible detections. We also find that the pre-eclipse signal exhibits a non-negligible blueshift of $-3.2\pm 1.4km/s$ potentially caused by winds.

15 pages, 11 figures; accepted for publication in AJ

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