Evaporation of Primordial Black Holes in a Thermal Universe: A Thermofield Dynamics Approach
arXiv:2512.07284 · doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2026)026
Abstract
We investigate the impact of a finite temperature environment on the Hawking radiation from black holes (BHs), with particular focus on Kerr BHs immersed in a cosmological thermal bath. The emitted particles from BHs interact with the thermal background and thermalize, leading to a modification in the Hawking radiation spectrum. By employing the methods of Thermofield Dynamics (TFD), a real time formalism of thermal quantum field theory, we derive the modified occupation numbers of the Hawking spectrum for asymptotically flat spacetimes like the Schwarzschild and the Kerr geometries. These corrections depend on the interplay between the BH temperature and the ambient bath temperature. We apply this formalism in the early universe reheating background scenario arising after inflation and demonstrate that the thermal correction to Hawking spectrum enhances the evaporation rate of primordial black holes (PBHs). As a result, the lifetime of PBH shortens compared to the zero temperature vacuum and leads to interesting cosmological consequences.
arXiv comment43 pages, 6 figures, Published in JHEP
References in corpus (53)
- Hawking Radiation as Tunneling
- Towards the Theory of Reheating After Inflation
- Reheating after Inflation
- Inflation Dynamics and Reheating
- Universe Reheating after Inflation
- Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter: Recent Developments
- Primordial Black Holes as a dark matter candidate
- Primordial Black Holes
- Reheating in Inflationary Cosmology: Theory and Applications
- Nonperturbative Dynamics Of Reheating After Inflation: A Review
- Structure of Resonance in Preheating after Inflation
- Relationship between Hawking Radiation and Gravitational Anomalies
- Pair Creation of Black Holes During Inflation
- On Effective Degrees of Freedom in the Early Universe
- Primordial Black Hole Formation during First-Order Phase Transitions
- Primordial black hole formation and abundance: contribution from the non-linear relation between the density and curvature perturbation
- Primordial black hole production during first-order phase transitions
- Inflaton Oscillations and Post-Inflationary Reheating
- Primordial Black Hole Evaporation and Dark Matter Production: I. Solely Hawking radiation
- GUT-Scale Primordial Black Holes: Consequences and Constraints
- Primordial black holes from strong first-order phase transitions
- PBH formation from spherically symmetric hydrodynamical perturbations: a review
- Constraints on Primordial Black Holes From Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Revisited
- Formation of intermediate-mass black holes as primordial black holes in the inflationary cosmology with running spectral index
- Primordial black hole constraints with Hawking radiation -- a review
- A black hole solution to the cosmological monopole problem
- On the Primordial Black Hole Mass Function for Broad Spectra
- Gravitational reheating
- Holes in the walls: primordial black holes as a solution to the cosmological domain wall problem
- Bound states of the Dirac equation on Kerr spacetime
- Primordial Black Holes: sirens of the early Universe
- Primordial black hole formation during the QCD phase transition: threshold, mass distribution and abundance
- WIMPs, FIMPs, and Inflaton phenomenology via reheating, CMB and
- Higgs boson induced reheating and ultraviolet frozen-in dark matter
- GUT-Scale Primordial Black Holes: Mergers and Gravitational Waves
- Perturbative Reheating After Multiple-Field Inflation: The Impact on Primordial Observables
- Exact solution of the Dirac equation for a Coulomb and a scalar Potential in the presence of of an Aharonov-Bohm and magnetic monopole fields
- Two phase reheating: CMB constraints on inflaton and dark matter phenomenology
- Primordial Black Holes from Thermal Inflation
- New thresholds for Primordial Black Hole formation during the QCD phase transition
- Formation of hot spots around small primordial black holes
- An introduction to Thermal Field Theory and Some of its Application
- Modified hoop conjecture in expanding spacetimes and primordial black hole production in FRW universe
- Reheating in two-sector cosmology
- Primordial black holes under the double inflationary power spectrum
- Primordial Black Holes from First-Order Cosmological Phase Transitions
- Primordial Black Hole Formation during a Strongly Coupled Crossover
- The Primordial Black Hole Mass Range
- The Confluent Heun functions in Black Hole Perturbation Theory: a spacetime interpretation
- Primordial Black Holes Are True Vacuum Nurseries
- Hawking radiation from dynamical horizons
- Thermal effects in Ising Cosmology
- The thermal backreaction of a scalar field in de Sitter spacetime