Direct Measurement of Extinction in a Planet-Hosting Gap

Abstract

Recent disk observations have revealed multiple indirect signatures of forming gas giant planets, but high-contrast imaging has rarely confirmed the presence of the suspected perturbers. Here, we exploit a unique opportunity provided by the background star AS209bkg, which shines through a wide annular gap in the AS209 disk, to perform transmission spectrophotometry and directly measure the extinction from gap material for the first time. By combining new VLT/SPHERE and JWST/NIRCam observations with archival HST data from 2005, we model the spectral energy distribution (SED) of AS209bkg over a 19-year baseline. We find that the SED and its variability are best explained by increasing extinction along the line of sight as AS209bkg approaches the gap edge in projection. The extinction is best described by a combination of ISM-like extinction component and a grey extinction component. This points to the presence of grains in the disk outer gap that are larger than in the ISM. We find that the extinction in the gap at $\lambda \sim 4.0\mu$m is $A_{4\mu \mathrm{m}}=2.7_{-0.7}^{+0.7}$ mag, while at H$\alpha$ ($\lambda =0.656\mu$m), where most searches for accretion signatures take place, the extinction could be as high as $A_{\mathrm{H}\alpha }=4.2_{-1.2}^{+0.9}$ mag ($A_V=4.6_{-1.3}^{+1.0}$ mag). This suggests that even wide, deep gaps can significantly obscure emission from protoplanets, even those following a hot-start evolutionary model. Our extinction measurements help reconcile the discrepancy between ALMA-based predictions of planet-disk interactions and the non-detections from sensitive optical and near-infrared imaging campaigns.

Accepted for publication in AJ. 22 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables

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