Return of the Lepton Number: Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter Production and the Revival of the Shi-Fuller Mechanism

Abstract

We explore resonant production of sterile neutrino dark matter via the Shi-Fuller (SF) mechanism, revisiting its cosmological viability in light of recent results demonstrating that lepton-number asymmetries $L_{\alpha }\gtrsim 1$ at temperatures $T>20\mathrm{MeV}$ are consistent with big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). Using a quasiclassical Boltzmann transport calculation of the dark matter production, we compute the nonthermal phase space distributions of sterile neutrinos across a broad range of particle mass $m_s$ and mixing angle ${\sin }^2(2\theta )$ parameter space. We then evolve the resulting distributions through linear structure formation using CLASS and fit the resulting matter power spectra to thermal warm dark matter (WDM) transfer functions, enabling a direct mapping between SF models and equivalent thermal WDM particle masses $m_{\mathrm{th}}$. This allows us to reinterpret existing structure formation limits and Lyman-$\alpha$ forest preferences in the context of SF production. We find that lepton asymmetries $L\gtrsim 0.5$ at high temperatures open significant viable parameter space in the $m_s\gtrsim 10\mathrm{keV}$ and ${\sin }^2(2\theta )\lesssim 10^{-14}$ regime, compatible with both x-ray constraints from NuSTAR and INTEGRAL/SPI and recent Lyman-$\alpha$ inferences of $m_{\mathrm{th}}\approx 4.1\mathrm{keV}$. Following lepton number evolution below 20 MeV, we also specifically show that this lepton asymmetry parameter space is compatible with BBN and cosmic microwave background constraints. We present updated constraints, a refined $m_{\mathrm{th}}$ fitting function, and power-law approximations for $L$ across the parameter space. Our results motivate future x-ray observations targeting the $\sim 20\mathrm{keV}$ photon regime and testing of the $m_{\mathrm{th}}\gtrsim 10\mathrm{keV}$ WDM region.

arXiv comment14 pages, 7 figures; v3: matches published version

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