Water Enrichment from Pebble Drift in Disks with Gap-forming Planets

Abstract

Volatiles like $H_{2}O$ are present as ice in solids in the outer cold regions of protoplanetary disks and as vapor in the warm inner regions within the water snow line. Icy pebbles drifting inwards from the outer disk sublimate after crossing the snow line, enriching the inner disk with solid mass and water vapor. Meanwhile, proto-planets forming within the disk open gaps in the disk gas, creating traps against the inward drift of pebbles and in turn reducing water enrichment in the inner disk. Recent disk observations from millimeter interferometry and infrared spectroscopy have supported this broad picture by finding a correlation between the outer radial distribution of pebbles and the properties of inner water vapor spectra. In this work, we aim at further informing previous and future observations by building on previous models to explore pebble drift in disks with multiple gaps. We systematically explore multiple gap locations and their depths (equivalent to specific masses of planets forming within), and different particle sizes to study their impact on inner disk water enrichment. We find that the presence of close-in deep gaps carved by a Jupiter-mass planet is likely crucial for blocking icy pebble delivery into the inner disk, while planets with lower masses only provide leaky traps. We also find that disks with multiple gaps show lower vapor enrichment in the inner disk. Altogether, these model results support the idea that inner disk water delivery and planet formation are regulated by the mass and location of the most massive planets.

14 Pages, 8 Figures, Accepted to ApJ

References in corpus (16)

• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• Ring shaped dust accumulation in transition disks
• Dust filtration at gap edges: Implications for the spectral energy distributions of discs with embedded planets
• Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: How the radial pebble flux determines a terrestrial-planet or super-Earth growth mode
• A Circumplanetary Disk Around PDS70c
• Chemical enrichment of giant planets and discs due to pebble drift
• Dust flow in gas disks in the presence of embedded planets
• Submillimeter emission associated with candidate protoplanets
• The time evolution of dusty protoplanetary disc radii: observed and physical radii differ
• Leaky dust traps: How fragmentation impacts dust filtering by planets
• Probing the Protosolar Disk Using Dust Filtering at Gaps in the Early Solar System
• Close-in ice lines and the super-stellar C/O ratio in discs around very low-mass stars
• Influence of planetary gas accretion on the shape and depth of gaps in protoplanetary discs
• A large population study of protoplanetary disks: Explaining the millimeter size-luminosity relation with or without sub-structure
• Enriching inner discs and giant planets with heavy elements

Cited by in corpus (4)

• Models and Observational Predictions of Dust Traps in Protoplanetary Discs
• Diversity in planetary architectures from pebble accretion: Water delivery to the habitable zone with pebble snow
• How leaky? A large parameter study of leaky dust traps to quantify the transport of pebbles and ice in protoplanetary discs
• Molecular Similarity and Water Diversity in Coeval Binary Disks: JWST/MIRI Observations of Sz 65 and Sz 66