Resolved ALMA observations of water in the inner astronomical units of the HL Tau disk

Abstract

The water molecule is a key ingredient in the formation of planetary systems, with the water snowline being a favourable location for the growth of massive planetary cores. Here we present Atacama Large Millimeter/ submillimeter Array data of the ringed protoplanetary disk orbiting the young star HL Tauri that show centrally peaked, bright emission arising from three distinct transitions of the main water isotopologue. The spatially and spectrally resolved water content probes gas in a thermal range down to the water sublimation temperature. Our analysis implies a stringent lower limit of 3.7 Earth oceans of water vapour available within the inner 17 astronomical units of the system. We show that our observations are limited to probing the water content in the atmosphere of the disk, due to the high dust column density and absorption, and indicate that the main water isotopologue is the best tracer to spatially resolve water vapour in protoplanetary disks.

Published in Nature Astronomy (2024), arXiv version presents text and figures before proofing

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• Planetesimal formation via the streaming instability in simulations of infall dominated young disks
• Pristine ices in a planet-forming disk revealed by heavy water
• An impact-free mechanism to deliver water to terrestrial planets and exoplanets
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• Zooming into the water snowline: high resolution water observations of the HL Tau disk
• Hunting for methanol in the water rich, planet forming disk around HL Tau