Bias-Free Estimation of Signals on Top of Unknown Backgrounds

Abstract

We present a method for obtaining unbiased signal estimates in the presence of a significant unknown background, eliminating the need for a parametric model for the background itself. Our approach is based on a minimal set of conditions for observation and background estimators, which are typically satisfied in practical scenarios. To showcase the effectiveness of our method, we apply it to simulated data from the planned dielectric axion haloscope MADMAX.

arXiv comment11 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables (v2 corresponds to the published version)

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• First search for axion dark matter with a Madmax prototype
• First search for dark photon dark matter with a MADMAX prototype
• First Axion-Like Particle Results from a Broadband Search for Wave-Like Dark Matter in the 44 to 52 $\mu$eV Range with a Coaxial Dish Antenna