Kinetic relaxation and Bose-star formation in multicomponent dark matter- I

Abstract

Using wave kinetics, we estimate the emergence time-scale of gravitating Bose-Einstein condensates/Bose stars in the kinetic regime for a general multicomponent Schrödinger-Poisson (SP) system. We identify some effects of the diffusion and friction pieces in the wave-kinetic Boltzmann equation (at leading order in perturbation theory) and provide estimates for the kinetic nucleation rate of condensates. We test our analysis using full $3+1$ dimensional simulations of multicomponent SP system. With an eye towards applications to multicomponent dark matter, we investigate two general cases in detail. First is a massive spin-$s$ field with $N=2s+1$ components (scalar $s=0$, vector $s=1$ and tensor $s=2$). We find that for a democratic population of different components, the condensation time-scale is ${\tau }_{(s)}\approx {\tau }_0\times N$, where ${\tau }_0$ is the condensation time scale for the scalar case. Second is the case of two scalars with different boson masses. In this case, we map-out how the condensation time depends on the ratios of their average mass densities and boson masses, revealing competition and assistance between components, and a guide towards which component condenses first. For instance, with $m_1<m_2$ and not too disparate mass densities, we verify that the time scale of condensation of the first species quickly becomes independent of $m_2/m_1$, whereas for equal average number densities, the emergence time scale decreases with increasing $m_2/m_1$.

8 pages + 3 appendices, 5 figures. Videos from simulations are available at https://mustafa-amin.com/home/multicomponent-dark-matter. In comparison with the previous version, we have (1) added more references; (2) provide clarifications in Appendix A and account for an additional factor of 2 in the wave kinetic equation

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• First Search for Ultralight Dark Matter Using a Magnetically Levitated Particle
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• i-SPin 2: An integrator for general spin-s Gross-Pitaevskii systems
• Dark Spin-2 Field Solitons as a Source of Electromagnetic Radiation
• Core and Halo Properties in Multi-Field Wave Dark Matter
• Formation of solitons and their transitions in scalar-field dark matter models with a non-polynomial self-interaction potential
• Structure Formation with Warm White Noise: Effects of Finite Number Density and Velocity Dispersion in Particle and Wave Dark Matter
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• Effects of New Forces on Scalar Dark Matter Solitons